HBS109 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Sarcomere, Hydrophile, Negative Feedback
HBS109 - Human Structure & Function
All Learning Objectives
MID SEM QUIZ INFO – LEC 10
-Lecture 1 Objectives (Introduction)
1. Define anatomy & physiology and distinguish between these fields.
Anatomy: to study the structure of the body
Physiology: to study the function, deals with the way organisms
perform vital activities.
2. List the major levels or organisation of the human body
Chemical/Molecule: atoms/proteins
Cell: heart/muscle cell
Tissue: cardiac muscle tissue
Organ: heart
Organ system: cardio-vascular system
Organism: human body
3. List the 11 organ systems of the human body
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
4. Use anatomical terminology to describe body regions, relative
positions & directions & body sections.
Anterior: front surface
Posterior: back surface
Superior: above
Inferior: below
Medial: towards body’s axis
Lateral: Away from body’s axis
Superficial: near body’s surface
Deep: further away from body’s surface
Proximal: closer to the point of attachment
Distal: away from an attached base
Cranial: the head
Caudal: the tail (coccyx)
Dorsal: the back surface
Ventral: the belly side
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-Lecture 2 Objectives (Chemical level of body organisation)
1. List the 4 chemical elements that make up most of the body’s mass
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen (CHONS)
2. Distinguish between organic & inorganic compounds
Organic compound: A molecule that contains carbon & hydrogen
atoms.
Inorganic compound: Molecules that don’t contain carbon or
hydrogen atoms.
3. List the properties of water that make it important for living things
Solubility: inorganic and organic molecules can dissolve in it, to
become a solution.
Reactivity: can be a medium for chemical reactions or participants
High Heat capacity:
Lubrication:
4. List the properties of inorganic acids, bases & salts
Acids: release H+ into a solution, ex. Hydrochloric Acid
Base: remove H+ from a solution, ex. Sodium hydroxide
Salts: compound made of ions other than H+ & OH, ex. Sodium
Chloride
5. Describe the pH scale & define acidity and alkalinity
pH: a measure of H+ concentration in solution, the more acidic the
lower the pH.
Extremely acidic on the left pH<7,
Neutral in the middle pH=7,
Basic on the right pH>7
6. Identify the normal pH range for human blood
Neutral, around 7.5 pH
7. Define a buffer
Resist change in pH, not destructive, acts as an acid or a base.
Balance the pH of a solution by either adding or removing H+
8. List the 5 organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Hugh energy compounds ATP
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9. Distinguish between a carbohydrate, lipid & protein
Carbohydrate: Hydrogen: Oxygen – 1:2:1, monosaccharides,
disaccharides, polysaccharides, ex. Sugars and starches.
Lipid: Carbon : Hydrogen - 1:2, important structural elements of
cells, 2 x as much energy as CHO’s.
Proteins: Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen: Nitrogen, made up of Amino
Acid chains, provide support, movement, transport, buffering,
defence
-Lecture 3 Objectives (Organisation of the cell)
1. Draw a cell and label it’s principle parts
Cells: building blocks of all plants & animals, function both
individually & as a group
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Document Summary
Lecture 1 objectives (introduction: define anatomy & physiology and distinguish between these fields. Anatomy: to study the structure of the body. Physiology: to study the function, deals with the way organisms perform vital activities: list the major levels or organisation of the human body. Organism: human body: list the 11 organ systems of the human body. Reproductive: use anatomical terminology to describe body regions, relative positions & directions & body sections. Lecture 2 objectives (chemical level of body organisation: list the 4 chemical elements that make up most of the body"s mass. Nitrogen (chons: distinguish between organic & inorganic compounds. Organic compound: a molecule that contains carbon & hydrogen atoms. Inorganic compound: molecules that don"t contain carbon or hydrogen atoms: list the properties of water that make it important for living things. Solubility: inorganic and organic molecules can dissolve in it, to become a solution. Reactivity: can be a medium for chemical reactions or participants.
