BIO2242 Final: Sem 2_BIO2242_Summary Notes
BIO-2242
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BIO-2242 NOTES
Semester 2
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BIO-2242
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Theory Exam (2 hours)
• Section A (70 marks)
o 50 multiple choice questions (1 mark each) (50 mins)
! Majority format:
• Which of the following statements is correct?
• Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
o 20 true/false questions (1 mark each) (20 mins)
• Section B (100 marks)
o 6 short answers (50 mins) ~8 mins per question
! Questions based on Learning Objectives
o David: 2 questions
! Reproduction and life history (invertebrates and vertebrates)
! Lectures 1, 16-21, 24
o Craig: 4 questions
! Metabolic rate, respiratory systems, osmoregulationo,
countercurrent exchange and oxygen, link between blood
pressure and body size (scaling), taste/sensory mode
! Lecture 2-3, 8-15
UNIT Objectives
• Describe the relationships between functional anatomy, physiology and
behaviour of animals that allow them to survive and reproduce !
• Explain the function of major biological systems in animals and their
adaptations to different environment !
• Contrast the varying life history strategies of animals !
• Identify morphological features of animals and relate these features to their
functions!
• Demonstrate skills in research, data and information gathering, collation and
organisation suitable for the preparation of a scientific report !
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BIO-2242
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Skeletons
Skeleton Functions
• Support
• Muscle attachment
• Protection for organs
• May have rigidity (for limbs)
• Permit generation of force
Types
Vertebrate Skeleton
• Components: cartilage and bone
• Axial skeleton
o Skull
o Vertebral column
o Sternum
o Ribs
• Appendicular skeleton (side)
o Pectoral girdle
o Arm and hand
o Pelvic girdle
o Leg and foot
Cartilage
• Surround by gel matrix
• Very few blood vessels
o Can be repaired and grow but takes much longer to heal
• Present in joints – help slide
• Provides flexible structure
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
• Pressure generated by muscles
• Contract against
incompressible fluid
• Muscular hydrostats to
lengthen or compress
• E.g. earthworm, human tongue
• Rigid
• Invertebrates only
• Shells, plates that form outer
bit of animals
• Strong but light
• Not suitable for large mobile
animals (constraint)
• E.g. crabs
• Supports body, muscles and
organs
• Flexibility and leverage for
movement e.g. breathing
• Protection of softer tissues e.g.
skull
• Blood formation in red bone
marrow
• Dynamic growth responds to
need (not fixed)
o Adjust to stress
• Mineral store
o Calcium and
phosphorous
• Acid-base balance through
mineral salts
• E.g. mammals
Document Summary
Reproduction and life history (invertebrates and vertebrates) Lectures 1, 16-21, 24: craig: 4 questions. Metabolic rate, respiratory systems, osmoregulationo, countercurrent exchange and oxygen, link between blood pressure and body size (scaling), taste/sensory mode. Identify morphological features of animals and relate these features to their: demonstrate skills in research, data and information gathering, collation and. Theory exam (2 hours: section a (70 marks, 50 multiple choice questions (1 mark each) (50 mins) Questions based on learning objectives: david: 2 questions. Skeleton functions: support, muscle attachment, protection for organs, may have rigidity (for limbs, permit generation of force. Hydrostatic skeleton: pressure generated by muscles, contract against incompressible fluid, muscular hydrostats to lengthen or compress, e. g. earthworm, human tongue. Exoskeleton: rigid, shells, plates that form outer. Invertebrates only bit of animals: strong but light, not suitable for large mobile animals (constraint, e. g. crabs.
