BCH2011 Study Guide - Final Guide: Glycosidic Bond, Disulfide, Phosphodiester Bond
25 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BCH-2011
BCH-2011 NOTES
Semester 1
BCH-2011
UNIT Objectives
• Describe how the structure of biologically relevant molecules contribute to
their function in cells and organisms
• Define the molecular structure of biological membranes and their role in
cellular metabolism
• Explain the physical and biochemical properties of proteins and describe
how proteins function as enzymes
• Summarise the techniques and underpinning science that is exploited for
the isolation, separation and characterization of biological molecules
• Demonstrate technical skills in basic laboratory techniques used for the
separation and identification of biological molecules and for measuring
enzymatic behavior
• Demonstrate the Skills necessary to accurately interpret biochemical data
• Demonstrate an ability to research original published scientific literature
and effectively communicate your findings either orally or in writing
BCH-2011
Biological Macromolecules
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
o Facilitated by enzymes, catalysts which sped up a chemical reaction
o Monomers are connected: 2 molecules covalently bonded together, with a
loss of a water molecule – dehydration reaction/condensation
o Polymers are disassembled to monomers: water is added, bonds between
monomers are broken – hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
Monomer: monosaccharide (glucose, galactose,
fruct.)
Polymer: polysaccharide (glycogen, starch,
cellulose)
Bond: glycosidic bond
Functions:
- Store energy
- Used as fuel for cellular work
Chemical Structure:
- Hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group
- Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
- General formula: CnH2nOn
Examples:
Glycogen
- Found in animals (liver, muscle cells)
- Synthesised in smooth ER
- Spiral shaped, highly branched
Starch
- Found in plants
- Spiral shaped, no branching
Cellulose
- Found in plant cell walls (structural)
- Strongly bonded
- Long and unbranched
Chitin
- Structurally important
- Forms exoskeleton of crustaceans
*Disaccharides / two sugar – lactose
(glucose+galactose), sucrose (glucose+fructose),
maltose (glucose+glucose)
Proteins
Monomer: Amino acids
Polymer: Polypeptides
Bond: Peptide / amide bonds
Functions:
- Structure in cell membrane
- Enzymes, antibodies
- Regulation: hormones (insulin)
- Transport and communication
Chemical Structure:
- Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O),
Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S), Phosphorus (P)
- Central Carbon + Hydrogen + Variable
Region (20 amino acids) + Amine Group +
Carboxylic Acid Group
Protein Structure:
Primary
- Linear sequence of amino acids, form
polypeptide chain
Secondary
- Folding to form alpha helix, beta pleated
sheet
- Hydrogen bond b/w peptide chain
Tertiary
- Irregular folding of polypeptide chain
- Ionic, hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridge
Quaternary
- Two or more polypeptide chains interact !
complex protein
- Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
Examples:
- Haemoglobin (water-soluble)
- Rubisco
- Keratin (insoluble)
Document Summary
*disaccharides / two sugar lactose (glucose+galactose), sucrose (glucose+fructose), maltose (glucose+glucose) Region (20 amino acids) + amine group + Linear sequence of amino acids, form polypeptide chain. Folding to form alpha helix, beta pleated sheet. Two or more polypeptide chains interact complex protein. Holds all genetic material of an organism. Contains sequence of bases that code for protein. Base: a t (2 hydrogen bonds), c g (3 hydrogen bonds) Double helix structure, antiparallel 5" 3", held together by hydrogen bonds. Mrna carries amino acid sequence to ribosome trna brings correct amino acids as coded for trna main component in ribosome (organelle) Condensation reaction, ester linkage bond b/w hydroxyl and carboxyl group. No double bonds saturated fatty acid (solid) One or more double bond unsaturated (liquid) Hormones involved in cell for cell recognition and causes growth. E. g. cholesterol: essential in structure of animal cell membrane, stability, synthesised in liver.
