BIO2231 Study Guide - Final Guide: Symmetry In Biology, Sagittal Plane, Bilateria
BIO-2231
BIO-2231 NOTES
Semester 1
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BIO-2231
Exam Styles (2 hours)
• Practical Exam: two parts
o Part 1
▪ 7 specimen stations
▪ Recognise features which characterise phyla and some major
families
▪ Viewing dissections, slide preparations and photographs of
animals and identifying them using key features
▪ 8 questions – each seven minutes long
▪ Provided with Animal Classification Table (Appendix 1 from
Practical Manual)
o Part 2
▪ Animal dissection of specimen encountered this year
▪ Complete biological drawing
▪ Recognise/label key diagnostic features
▪ Not open book
• Theory Exam: two parts
o Part 1 (40 marks)
▪ 20 multiple choice questions (1 mark each)
▪ 20 true/false questions (0.5 marks each)
▪ 10 matching questions (1 mark each)
o Part 2 (100 marks)
▪ 10 short answers
▪ Recognise evolutionary relationships between phyla
▪ Emphasise the recognition of key features characterising phyla
UNIT Objectives
• Describe the origin of animals and how they differ from other living
organisms
• Explain the relationship between animal diversity and evolutionary derived
changes in animal body plans
• Identify major animal phyla
• Demonstrate skills in library and field research, data and information
gathering, collation and organisation suitable for the preparation of a scientific
report
• Demonstrate basic laboratory techniques associated with examining and
handling zoological specimens
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BIO-2231
An animal is a heterotrophic multicellular eukaryote without cell walls that require a
carbon source.
Levels of Organisation
• Unicellular
o Protists
o Specialised functional organelles within cells
o Single celled organisms
• Cell aggregates
o Groups of cells that cooperate with each other
o Differentiated cells for particular functions
• Cell tissue
o Tissue – group of cells that perform the same function
o Different cell types cooperate in tissues to do particular tasks
• Tissue organ
o Organ – different tissues coming together with the same function: form
an organ
o Specialised grouping of tissues
o More ways of distributing food and more energy around body
• Organ system
o Organs cooperating in an integrated way
Metazoa → Parazoa: Eumetazoa split → Bilateria → Proto-deuterostome split →
Ecdysozoa
Body Symmetry
• Radial Symmetry
o Divides into similar halves by more than two planes passing through
longitudinal axes
• Bilateral Symmetry
o Only one plane (sagittal plane) divides organisms into roughly
mirrored image halves and anterior – posterior axis
Animal orientation for bilaterally
symmetrical animals
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Document Summary
Unit objectives: describe the origin of animals and how they differ from other living organisms, explain the relationship between animal diversity and evolutionary derived changes in animal body plans. Identify major animal phyla: demonstrate skills in library and field research, data and information gathering, collation and organisation suitable for the preparation of a scientific report, demonstrate basic laboratory techniques associated with examining and handling zoological specimens. An animal is a heterotrophic multicellular eukaryote without cell walls that require a carbon source. Metazoa parazoa: eumetazoa split bilateria proto-deuterostome split . Body symmetry: radial symmetry, divides into similar halves by more than two planes passing through longitudinal axes, bilateral symmetry, only one plane (sagittal plane) divides organisms into roughly mirrored image halves and anterior posterior axis. Bilateria cephalisation: associated with oriented movement, concentration of sense organs into a head, associated with directional movement, direct sensory capabilities forwards, longitudinal nerve chord evolve from a nerve net.
