400138 Study Guide - Final Guide: Cardiac Stress Test, Hypoxemia, Coronary Artery Disease
22 Jun 2018
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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1
(Short answer questions for Final Exam will be taken from this list)
1. Discuss different types of cellular adaptations and give appropriate examples. (AHHM)
Atrophy = shrinking of cell size due to loss of structural cell material. Prolonged
immobility of muscles caused by decreased workload leads to skeletal muscle cell
atrophy.
Hypertrophy = increased size of the cells and consequently, increased size of the
organ. Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle is seen in in prolonged hypertension when the
left ventricle has to use more force to pump against increased vascular resistance.
Hyperplasia = increased number of cells in organ/ tissue (can only occur in tissues
composed of cells that CAN divide). Physiologic hyperplasia from hormonal
stimulation as seen in uterus muscle cells in pregnancy.
Metaplasia = replacement of one cell type by another cell type. The change from
columnar to squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract in cigarette smokers.
Dysplasia = changes in a cell shape, size, organization (risk of cancer).
2. Briefly explain the process of inflammation. List signs/symptoms and blood markers of
inflammation. (Little Men Drive Cars)
a) Leukocytosis = Neutrophils enter the blood from bone marrow.
b) Margination = Neutrophils attach to capillary walls.
c) Diapedesis = Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries.
d) Chemotaxis = Neutrophils follow chemical trail > phagocytosis.
Local signs: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function.
Systemic effects: fever, anorexia, headache, muscle aches, joint aches and
malaise.
Increased ESR and elevated CRP are blood markers of inflammation.
3. Explain the process, pathology and complications of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterised by lipids and fibrous elements in large arteries,
it is inflammatory plaques causes narrowing of the blood vessel lumen.
a) Process starts on areas of endothelial damage by turbulent blood flow (hypertension
or smoking).
b) Damaged endothelium attracts platelets and allows filtration of lipids into
bloodstream, mainly LDL.
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Document Summary
Short answer questions for pathophysiology 1 (short answer questions for final exam will be taken from this list: discuss different types of cellular adaptations and give appropriate examples. (ahhm) Atrophy = shrinking of cell size due to loss of structural cell material. Prolonged immobility of muscles caused by decreased workload leads to skeletal muscle cell atrophy. Hypertrophy = increased size of the cells and consequently, increased size of the organ. Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle is seen in in prolonged hypertension when the left ventricle has to use more force to pump against increased vascular resistance. Hyperplasia = increased number of cells in organ/ tissue (can only occur in tissues composed of cells that can divide). Physiologic hyperplasia from hormonal stimulation as seen in uterus muscle cells in pregnancy. Metaplasia = replacement of one cell type by another cell type. The change from columnar to squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract in cigarette smokers.
