BIOL 2201 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Glycoside Hydrolase, Hydrophile, Enzyme

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8 Feb 2018

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Amphipathic molecules a molecule with both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic end: all lipids are amphipathic. Phospholipids the most common lipids in the cell; has a phosphate group attached: one hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Glycolipids has a sugar group as a hydrophilic head. Membrane bilayer two layers of fatty acids organized into two sheets: surrounds all cells and provides protection to inner organelles, charged molecules and large molecules cannot pass through the membrane bilayer. Saturated fatty acid hydrocarbon tail with no double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acid hydrocarbon tail with double bonds; the kink in unsaturated fatty acids are important in the flexibility and fluidity of the membrane: the whole molecule is unsaturated if there is a double bond. Flippase transfers specific phospholipids to cytosolic monolayers, providing asymmetry: do not work on glycolipids, which is why they always remain in the non-cytosolic layer.

Related Questions

The table below shows the percent of each type of phospholipid fatty acid tail found in each type of the grass membranes on Oct. 2 and Dec. 8th. The first column in the table shows the length of the fatty acid tail and the number of double-bonds in the fatty acid. For example the fatty acid â16:0â would be a fatty acid that was 16 carbons long and had 0 double-bonds. The second and third columns show the percent of all phospholipid fatty acids that were of this type. For example, in grass collected on October 2nd, 23.9 % of the phospholipid fatty acids were 16 carbons long and had no double-bonds (16:0 type), and in the grass collected on Dec. 8^th, 21.0 % of the phospholipid fatty acids were 16 carbons long and had no double-bonds (16:0 type).

Fatty Acid composition of Phospholipids	October 2	December 8
Fatty Acid composition of Phospholipids	% of phospholipids	% of phospholipids
16:0	23.9	21.0
16.1	0.4	0.7
18:0	0.8	0.4
18:1	9.6	6.1
18:2	34.4	38.6
18:3	30.2	32.4
20:0	0.7	0.7

A. For each date the grass was collected, calculate the total percent of phospholipid fatty acids that were saturated fatty acids and the total percent of phospholipid fatty acids that were unsaturated fatty acids.

B. Draw a column graph that shows the total percent of phospholipid fatty acids that were saturated for each date that grass was collected and the total percent of phospholipids that were unsaturated for each date that grass were collected.

C. Why are the % of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails on the phospholipids of the Oct 2^nd collected grass and the Dec 8^th collected grass not the same? Use your understanding of membrane fluidity to address why these percentages have changed during this time period.

D. During this experiment the concentration of cholesterol found in the membranes of the grass was also measured. On Oct. 2^th the concentration of cholesterol was 1.10 umol/mg and on Dec. 8^th the concentration of cholesterol was 1.22 umol/mg. Why did the concentration of cholesterol change? Use your understanding of membrane fluidity to address why these concentrations have changed during this time period.

A set of erythrocytes is placed in a beaker of 0.9% NaCl.Nothing appears to happen to the cells. Why?

0.9% NaCl is hypertonic to the cells.

Sodium blocks the movement of water.

0.9% NaCl is hypotonic to the cells.

0.9% NaCl is iostonic to the cells.

water has not moved at all.

Question 2

Select one answer.

Which substance would be mostlikely to pass through a lipid bilayer/plasma membrane withoutembedded proteins?

water

a steroid hormone

a large fatty acid

a large peptide hormone

a sodium ion

Question 3

Select all that apply.

Which of the following can cross the cellâs plasmamembrane without the assistance of protein transporters?Select all that apply.

large polar molecules

positively charged ions

small hydrophobic molecules

gasses

Question 4

Select one answer.

Biological Membranesare:

symmetrical.

impermeable.

static.

dynamic.

Question 5

Select one answer.

How does the selectivepermeability of the membrane help the cell.

This allows the cell to maintain the proper shape.

This allows the cell to regulate what enters and exits

This allows the cell to maintain a constant temperature.

All of these

Question 6

Select one answer.

What is the role of carbohydratesin the plasma membrane?

cellular identification

adhesion

transport materials across the membrane

help maintain fluidity

Question 7

Select one answer.

Which component of the plasmamembrane has the widest variety of functions?

sterols

carbohydrates

phospholipids

proteins

Question 8

Select one answer.

All of the following have aneffect on the fluidity of a membrane except:

interactions among fatty acids in the core of the bilayer

the cholesterol content

the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids

the presence of integral proteins in the membrane

burgundyelk45

Which of the following Scientist(s) described the contemporaryâfluid- mosiacâmodel of the plasma Membrane
Davson and Nicholson
Nicholson and Danielle
Singer and Davson
Nicholson and Singer
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The âfluid-mosaicâ model of the PM differ from the first proposedmodel in that:
The first model did not have cholesterol
The first model was devoid of some lipids
The first model was devoid of some proteins
The first mode was devoid of some carbohydrates
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which is most likely to be a membrane receptor protein?
A glycosylated protein containing three hydrophobic regions
A glycosylated protein devoid of hydrophobic regions
A protein containing hydrophobic regions but devoid of sugars
A glycosylated protein devoid of hydrophilic regions
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which secondary structures of proteins are formed within thePM?
Alpha-pleated sheets
Beta-pleated sheets
Alpha-helicies
Beta-helicies
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Intergal proteins project
entirely outside of the bilayer on the extracellular surface
entirely through the membrane having N- and C- terminusexposed.
entirely outside of the bilayer on the cytoplasmic surface
outside bilayer but covalently linked to lipids withinmembrane
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which is the driving force which maintains the lipid bilayer?
Van der waals forces
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophilic interactions
Ionic interactions
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What affect do lipids with double bonds in their nonpolar tailshave on the integrity of the PM?
They increase the fluidity of the PM
They decrease the fluidity of the PM
They allow more lipids to pack tighter in the membrane
They cause the membrane to become less stable
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

As the fluidity of the PM increases, what happens to theentropy?
increases
decreases
stays the same
none of the above
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The consistency of membranes at various temperatures can beunderstood using the Margarine and Butter analogy. Butter containslonger saturated chains of fat derived from animals while Margarinecontains short polyunsaturated fats derived from corn oil. Whentaken directly from the refrigerator, Margarine can be spread withease while the Butter does not. What conclusion should you drawregarding how the composition of membrane lipid regulate thefluidity of the PM?
Longer chains exhibit more double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Longer chain exhibit fewer double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Shorter chains exhibit more double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Shorter chains exhibit more double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
Which PM lipid covalently anchors proteins?
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which PM lipid is the least amphipathic?
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which of the following is not a function of the PM?
Signal Transduction
Energy Transduction
Regulates which molecules enters and exits cell
Site of Biochemical events such as production ofmacromolecules
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which two PM phospholipids have negative charges?
Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylinositol and Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylcholine
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which PM lipid is the only true glycolipid?
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Sphingolipid
d. Cholesterol
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which is NOT a function of the Plasma Membrane
It serves as a barrier allowing all molecules to enter cell
It serves as a site for energy and signal transductions
It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
It compartmentalizes the cells
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Cholesterol, which is not present in bacteria, controls the PMfluidity of animal cells. Which is the CORRECT orientation of thehydroxyl group of the four-member ring of cholesterol in thePM.
The hydroxyl group is oriented inside the membrane
The hydroxyl group is oriented toward the cytoplasm
The hydroxyl group is oriented toward other cholesterolmolecules
The hydroxyl group is oriented toward the membrane surface
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
PM carbohydrates are oriented:
Inside the membrane
Toward the cytoplasm
Toward other carbohydrate molecules
Away from the cytoplasm and inside organelles
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Sugars constituents various on red blood cells depending on bloodtype, why would giving someone the wrong blood type be fatal?
Blood groups differ in the levels of hemoglobin they carry
The body would view the sugars as antigens and form antibodiesagainst them.
Because of the incompatible sugar arrangement, the blood would notflow to the heart properly.
The foreign sugar sequences will attack to the sugar sequences onnormal cells.
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

NaCl most likely get into cells by which of the followingmethods?
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Sufferers of type II diabetes (adult onset) have normal insulinlevels but no target cell response due to deficiency in receptorsfor insulin. Which type of transport is missing?
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The movement of molecules against a gradient refers to which typeof transport?
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which is the correct exchange of sodium and potassium in the Na/Kpump of cells?
three sodium for three potassium
two sodium for three potassium
three sodium for two potassium
two sodium for one potassium
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

This type of transport is important to cells because they receivetheir oxygen and rid themselves of carbon dioxide by thismethod:
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Maintaining membrane fluidity is important to cells because?
Cells are able to maintain proper function at differenttemperatures
Cells can break down membranes lipids very quickly when energy isneeded
Larger molecules can pass through the membrane when fluidity isincreased
The membrane fluidity helps to maintain the positions ofglycoproteins and glycolipids
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Scientists agreed that the plasma membrane was the site ofbiochemical events when peroxide was broken to produce bubblescontaining?
water
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide

Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

BIOL 2201 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Glycoside Hydrolase, Hydrophile, Enzyme

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