BIOL-1507EL Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Lycopodiophyta, Seed Dormancy, Radicle
27 Jun 2018
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1) PLANTS
Plants and Colonization of Land
-A gametophyte is a structure that produces gametes
-Female: Archegonia (archegonia -> ovaries -> eggs)
-produces ovaries
-eggs are therefore female, and produced in ovaries
-Male: antheridium (antheridium -> pollen sac -> sperm)
-produces pollen sacs
-sperm is male (this is a spore with a flagella), and produced by pollen sacs
-Vascular system in plants is the:
-Xylem
-transports water
-Phloem
-transports nutrients (like minerals)
-Two kind of cell division:
-mitosis
-occurs in any other tissue
-meiosis
-occurs in the process of formation of gametes
-Sporophyte (2n)
-meiosis -> haploid spores -> gametophyte -> mitosis -> fertilization (of the female
gametophyte) -> zygote produced
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
-Plants have cell walls made of cellulose
-As plants have adapted to the terrestrial environment, from an aquatic environment,
there have been many developments that had to occur
-waxy cuticle
-carbon dioxide and oxygen diffusion through stomata
-photosynthetic cells contain chlorophyll a), chlorophyll b), and a variety of yellow
and orange cartenoid pigments
-Carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch, generally in chloroplasts and other
plastids
-Mitosis occurs in all plants, proceeding through the typical phases (ex. telophase)
-A-sexual reproduction does not have transfer of genetic material
-Sexual is the transfer of genetic material
-Nearly all plants reproduce sexually and most are capable of a- sexual reproduction
-In the life cycle of all plants, an alternation of generation occurs, in which a haploid
(n) gametophyte and diploid (2n) sporophyte, take turns producing one another
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-evidence suggests that land plants have evolved from aquatic been algae (known as
charophyceans, as the closest relatives on land)
History of terrestrial adaptations in the evolution of modern plants
-Non-vascular : no xylem and phloem
-Bryophytes
-Vascular: have xylem and phloem
-Some are seedless and some have seeds
-Seedless vascular plant
-Ferns
-Seeds vascular plants
-1) Non- flowering seed vascular plants
- Gymnosperms and
-2) Flowering seed vascular plants
-Angiosperms
-Monocotyledons (flowering plants that
produce seeds with one cotyledon)
-Eudicotyledons (flowering plants that
produce seeds with two cotyledons)
-Gametes (male or female)
-Gametangia (tissues that contain the gamete)
-Gametophyte (structure of the tissue which produces the gametes)
First terrestrial adaptations
-From algae to bryophytes
-Spores toughened
-Jacketed gametangia that protected gametes and embryos
-Vascular tissue also evolved
Second terrestrial adaptations
-From bryophytes to vascular plants
-The earliest vascular plants lack seeds
-a condition still found in mainly fern plants
Third terrestrial adaptations
-From seedless vascular plants to seed vascular plants
-Seeds advanced the colonization of land by further protecting plant embryos from
desiccation (drying out) and other hazardous conditions
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Fourth terrestrial adaptations
-From non-flowering seed vascular plant to flowering seed vascular plants
-The flower in a complex reproductive structure that bears its seeds within a
protective chamber called ovaries
-The great majority of modern day plants are flowering plants
1) Non vascular plants (Bryophytes)
-Bryophytes are represented by 4 phyla/divisions
-1) Phylum Byrophyta ( ex. mosses, liverworts)
-The life cycle of bryophytes are dominated by the gametophyte stage
-Bryophytes have shown 2 adaptations that made the first move onto land
possible
-They are covered by a waxy cuticle to help prevention of water loss
-Their gametes developed within gametangia (multi chambered organs within
jackets of sterile cells)
-The male gametangia is the antheridia (produces flagellated sperms)
-The female gametangia is the archegonia (produces one egg)
-Since most bryophytes have no vascular tissue to carry water from the soil to
the aerial parts of the plants, water must move over the surface of the plants
and they must imbibe and distribute it through out the plant body
-2) Phylum Hepatophyta
-The bodies of some are divided into lobes, giving an appearance of a lobed
liver
-They have hair like structures known as Rhizoids
-Thallus: a mass of unspecialized tissue
-3) Phylum Anthocerophyta (ex. horn worts)
-Hornworts resemble liverworts, but are distinguished by their sporophytes,
which are elongated capsules that grow live horns from mat like gametophyte
-They have hair like structures known as Rhizoids
-Thallus: a mass of unspecialized tissue
-4) Phylum Anthocerophyta (ex. horn worts)
-Hornworts resemble liverworts, but are destignuised by their sporophytes,
which are elongated capsules that grown live horns from mat like gametophyte
2) Vascular plants
Seedless vascular plants (pteridophytes) (Ferns)
-Phylum lycophyta
-Lycopodium (club moses, ground pine)
-Selaginella (spike mosses)
-Isoetes (quillworts)
-Phylum pterophyta
-Ferns
-Equisetam (horsetail)
Document Summary
A gametophyte is a structure that produces gametes. Female: archegonia (archegonia -> ovaries -> eggs) Eggs are therefore female, and produced in ovaries. Male: antheridium (antheridium -> pollen sac -> sperm) Sperm is male (this is a spore with a agella), and produced by pollen sacs. Occurs in the process of formation of gametes. Meiosis -> haploid spores -> gametophyte -> mitosis -> fertilization (of the female gametophyte) -> zygote produced. Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. As plants have adapted to the terrestrial environment, from an aquatic environment, there have been many developments that had to occur. Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffusion through stomata. Photosynthetic cells contain chlorophyll a), chlorophyll b), and a variety of yellow and orange cartenoid pigments. Carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch, generally in chloroplasts and other plastids. Mitosis occurs in all plants, proceeding through the typical phases (ex. telophase) A-sexual reproduction does not have transfer of genetic material.
