PHED-4216EL Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Substance Abuse, Psychophysiology, Psychology
12 Oct 2018
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PHED-4216EL
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Feedback, Reinforcement & Intrinsic Motivation 18:20
Exams aren’t cumulative (next exam = 4/5 chapters of content)
Understanding Feedback & Reinforcement
What is feedback? Examples in sport & exercise? Where does feedback come
from (list sources)? Is it good or bad?
Why need feedback on movement?
Know whether performing well or not
Ask someone who is knowledgeable to inform you (ex. Friend, teammate,
coach, etc.)
Other types of feedback: grading scheme/evaluation, video tape
performance, feel of movements (proprioceptors), results, reactions from
others
Reinforcement: use of rewards & punishment, which increase or decrease
the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future
Individuals have different types of reinforcements that work the best for
them than others
Can be internal or external or could cause disengagement of behaviour
(specifically for punishment)
Reinforcement Principles: Basics
When something results in good consequences (e.g. being rewarded), people
repeat behaviour to achieve more positive reinforcement & associated “good
feelings”
If doing something results in unpleasant consequences (e.g. being
punished), people tend not to repeat the behaviour to avoid more negative
consequences
Principles of reinforcement are complex:
people react differently to same reinforcement
people are unable to repeat desirable behaviours
people receive different reinforcements in different situations, w/ differing
results (& different perceptions of results)
Approaches to Influencing Behaviour
Positive approach focuses on rewarding appropriate behaviour, which
increases likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future
Challenge people to do it in differing ways depending on the individual
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Negative approach focuses on punishing undesirable behaviours, which
should lead to future redirection of inappropriate behaviours
Difficult b/c don’t learn how to do correct response just what not to do
Most coaches & instructors combine positive & negative approaches in some
way
Exams not negative but if don’t show up policies set in place are negative on
student (no mark, etc.)
Sport psychologists agree: approach w/ PA & sport participants should
primarily be positive b/c the negative approach instills fear, avoidance
“Constructive criticism”
Research shows that athletes who play for positive-oriented coaches like
teammates more & better cohesion, enjoy sport more, like coaches more,
Principles of Positive Reinforcement
Choose effective reinforcers (e.g. social material, activity, special outings,
intrinsic & extrinsic)
Choose timing or schedule of reinforcement
Early learning – continuous & immediate reinforcement is desirable
For a learned skill – intermittent reinforcement desirable; encourages
independence
Reward successful approximations (shaping)
Used if training is very long to master skill
Ex. Train dog to do a trick (give milkbone to learn it, even if don’t perform
whole skill)
Reward performance & effort not only outcome
Helps with sustained effort & performance levels in activity and also helps
with athletic/team development
Focus on process rather than outcome only
Punishment
Punishment can control & change behaviour – 80-90% of reinforcement
should be positive
Drawbacks of punishment:
Creates fear of failure, avoidance & feelings of shame
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
