BIOL240 Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Guide: Teichoic Acid, Giardia Lamblia, Cell Membrane
1 Dec 2016
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Learning objectives: an introduction to (1) the historical origins of microbiology; (2) the concepts of cell structure and function; (3) the concept of microbial diversity; (4) the origin and evolution of microbes. All living organisms, except viruses, are made up of cells. There are four main types of macromolecules: polypeptides, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides (table 1. 1). Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which separates the outside of the cell from the cytoplasm. (see figure 1. 6) Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that they contain membrane-enclosed structures (organelles). Prokaryotes do not have any of these structures. The comparison of ribosomal rna sequences has led to the development of an understanding of how different types of organisms are related to each other. We now know that there are two distinct lineages of prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea (figure 1. 8). Archaea are actually more closely related to eukarya than they are to bacteria.
