BIOL359 Study Guide - Final Guide: Red Queen Hypothesis, Molecular Phylogenetics, Cladistics
5 Aug 2016
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Document Summary
Phlyogenetics: study of ancestor descendent relationships; phylogeneticists" objective is to construct phylogenies. Phylogenetic tree: a graphical summary of a phylogeny: constructed using morphological/physiological/molecular data and maximum likelihood method/bayesian. All life forms are related via common ancestry and descent: phylogenies provide explanations of diversity seen in the natural world. Rooted trees implies a factor of time, unrooted = no time factor: nodes: represent a hypothetical common ancestor; if internal nodes are not changed, read the same. Apomorphy: a character state different than the ancestral state = derived state. Autapomorphy: a uniquely derived character state; unique to a single taxa. Monophyletic: a group that includes all of the descendents of a common ancestor, also known as clades: synapomorphies identify monophyletic groups. Paraphyletic: a group that includes some, but not all of the descendents of a common ancestor. 1: examples: prokaryotes are paraphyletic because archaea share more recent ancestors with the eukaryotes than the bacteria.
