HMB200H1 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Reticular Theory, Sympathetic Nervous System, Neuron Doctrine
What Is the Brodmann Map? How many regions are there in the Map?
What was the principle under which the map was assembled? When is
the map useful?
Brodmann map is a map of speech areas in human's brain
included (Broca's and Wernikce's areas), there are 52 regions in
the map based on cytoarchitechture. The map is useful in
imaging experiment.
a.
1.
Contrast neuron doctrine with reticular theory.
Neuron doctrine says neurons are discrete individual cells and
reticular theory says that neurons is a single continuous network.
a.
2.
How many neurons are there approximately? Why is neuron number
not the best indicator of complexity in cognition and emotion?
There are approx. 86 billions neurons, the neuron number isn't
the best indicator of complexity in cognition and emotion
because animals have many more and not as complex as we are.
Complexity arises from the fact that we have built more complex
connections b/w neurons and are able to adapt to different
experiences.
a.
What are the divisions of the nervous system? Be able to
describe all divisions
covered in the class and the tutorial.
b.
Central NS (brain + spinal cord), Peripheral NS ( somatic NS
(cranial and spinal nerves), autonomic NS (sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions) and enteric NS)
c.
3.
What is arguably the primary function of the nervous system?
The primary function of the nervous system is "to generate
movement in a perceptual world created by the brain"
a.
4.
How is it that neural activity can influence organ function?
Sensory and motor connection to internal organs. And
neurotransmitters
a.
5.
What are the three axes which we use when describing the anatomy
of the nervous system?
Rostral-causal axes, dorsal-ventral axes, lateral-medial axes
a.
6.
Differentiate gray and white matter. Why is white matter white?
Gray matter consists of cell bodies and white matter consists of
axons, and white matter is white because the axons are
myelinated.
a.
7.
Differentiate between: a) tracts and nerves and b) nuclei and ganglia.
Tracts: a bundle of axons in CNSa.
Nerves: a bundle of axons outside of CNSb.
Nuclei: a cluster of cell bodies in CNSc.
Ganglia: a cluster of cell bodies outside of CNSd.
8.
10.What regions of the nervous system are contained within the forebrain?
Cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb
11.What regions of the nervous system are contained within the brain
stem?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain and hindbrain
12.What important structures are contained within the telencephalon,
diencephalon, mesencephalon, myencephalon and metencephalon? You
need only review those covered in class.
Telencephalon(forebrain): cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus,
amygdala, olfactory bulb,
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body,
3rd ventricles.
Mesencephalon (midbrain): periaqueductal gray matterm substantia
nigra, reticular formation, red nucleus.
Myencephalon (hindbrain): medulla oblongata
Metencephalon: cerebellum, pons
13.Define the terms gyrus, sulcus and cortex.
Gyrus: the part of the brain that has bumps
Sulcus: the part of the brain that folds
Cortex: the outer layer of the brain and give rise to our higher-order
behavior
14.Describe the basic functions of the lobes of the brain.
Frontal lobes: thinking, decision making
Parietal lobes: to understand symbols, language, somatosensory
Temporal lobes: hearing, processing learning
Occipital lobes: visual processing
15.What is the somatosensory cortex? Describe the mapping of function in
the
somatosensory cortex.
Somatosensory cortex receives all sensory inputs from the body,
sensory stimuli send their info to somatosensory cortex for processing.
It's in the postcentral gyrus. It doesn't have proportional
representation of the body, some areas such as the face and fingers
are represented more greatly than areas such as knees. This indicates
the sensitivity of the somatic senses in those areas.
16.What is the function of the thalamus? What about the hypothalamus?
The function of the thalamus is the relay center for the brain, it
receives all the instruction and info and then redirect them to other
parts of the brain to process. Hypothalamus is a key drive center
(fighting, fleeing, feeding and sexual reproduction)
17.How many cranial nerves do we have? How many spinal nerves do we
have? You do not have to exhaustively describe cranial nerve function.
We have 12 cranial nerves. We have 31 spinal nerves.
18. Differentiate the parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic
nervous system in terms of their effects on physiology and behavior.
Parasympathetic NS is responsible for calming a person down ' rest
and digest', so it's suppose to decrease your heart rate, increase
digestion, regulation of hormone levels/ sympathetic NS is responsible
for fight or flight response and suppose to increase your heartrate and
decrease digestion.
19.What are some general principles of organization in the nervous system?
Movement in a perceive world1.
Neuroplasticity 2.
Structural features 3.
Symmetry/ asymmetry4.
Hierarchical and parallel processing5.
Functional divisions (sensory vs motor)6.
Localization/ distribution of function7.
Excitation vs inhibition 8.
20.Differentiate dorsal and ventral processing streams in the brain in terms
of function. Differentiate dorsal and ventral regions of the spinal cord in
terms of function.
Brian:
Dorsal: action
Ventral: recognition
Spinal:
Dorsal: sensory info comes in
Ventral: motor goes out
21.Describe trigeminal neuralgia and Bell’s Palsy in terms of their symptoms.
What is one cause (and treatment) for each?
Trigeminal is extreme pain in face, cause by dysfunction CN5,
treatment is anti-consulvant drugs or surgery.
Bell's Palsy is inflammation of CN7 that causes motor impairment of
face, treatment is anti-inflammatory medicine or surgery
22.How does stroke in the brain produce motor impairment? How does
damage to the spinal cord produce motor impairment?
Stroke produce motor impairment by preventing new neurons
regeneration. Damage to the spinal cord depends on which segments
of the spinal cord, each has different paralyzing areas.
23. (Humans) Describe the plasticity that is evident in the nervous system
with constraint- induced motor therapy (CMIT).
Constraint the unaffected limb and force the affected limb to do
different exercises. By doing so, increase gray matter which means
increasing neurons connection, this is an example of neuroplasticity.
24.(Rodents) Describe how, following whisker trimming, remapping may
occur in the barrel cortex.
If we aren’t using a particular function, we may lose representation of
the function. For rodent, whisker trimming reduces activity of the
neurons associated with the trimmed whiskers, in time, those neurons
may become associated with non-trimmed whiskers.
Study notes -L1
Sunday, 28 January 2018
6:50 PM
Document Summary
Brodmann map is a map of speech areas in human"s brain included (broca"s and wernikce"s areas), there are 52 regions in the map based on cytoarchitechture. Neuron doctrine says neurons are discrete individual cells and reticular theory says that neurons is a single continuous network. Why is neuron number not the best indicator of complexity in cognition and emotion? a. b. c. 86 billions neurons, the neuron number isn"t the best indicator of complexity in cognition and emotion because animals have many more and not as complex as we are. Complexity arises from the fact that we have built more complex connections b/w neurons and are able to adapt to different experiences. Be able to describe all divisions covered in the class and the tutorial. Central ns (brain + spinal cord), peripheral ns ( somatic ns (cranial and spinal nerves), autonomic ns (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions) and enteric ns) What is arguably the primary function of the nervous system? a.
