JAV152H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Infinite Space, Berlin Tegel Airport, Willits House
13 Feb 2020
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Department
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Notes from study session:
Classicism vs neoclassicism: classicism more used for actual Greeks, neoclassical = after the
renaissance
SPB started off as swamp, there were defining corridors i.e. trident, idea of healthy street and
open spaces. Rltnshp of built structure to street, idea of monumentality in arch. Many exterior
influences in architectural style, almost eclectic. Also distinctive architectural features, i.e. spiral
towers, unique to Russia and surrounding area. Pointed (onion) domes unique. Know three
streets on trident.
Art deco: theatrical and playful. Decorative. Bulky. Trains, cars, boats inspiration.
Streamlined arch is different. Or at least use it separately. (modern, glass, steel)
January 10: 1 Around 1800
Topics Covered:
• Western and non-Western architecture and art
• Neoclassicism, Neo-styles
• Industrial Revolution, architecture and urban planning
● After 1750, study becomes more western-centric → economic dominance leads to
cultural dominance
Specific European circumstances:
Agricultural revolution, 17th century:
● mechanization of agriculture. Surplus of labour. Before A.Rev., 8 people were needed to
feed 10
● Labor surplus == industrial labour force and migration to the city = urbanisation
● Industry and urbanisation: new building materials + new building types
→ Scientific revolution - 18th cent.
● Most famous: steam engine invention, c. 1765
→ Industrial Revolution - 19th cent.
● Industrialization of Europe coincided w colonisation
● Ind. originated in England and spread to Europe
● colonialism=basis for economic wealth
● Cultural colonialism: concept of architecture
● French revolution, 1789: origin of modern civil society
○ American revolution 1776
○ Haitian revolution 1791
● Architecture = cultural intentions with architects
● Western art and arch:
○ Neoclassicism: 1750
■ Greek, Roman renaissance revival. New interpretation on classicism
■ Preference for glamorous abstraction
■ Sometimes very romantic, all-white statues common
■ “Palladio is the bible!”
■ I.e. death of marat, marble statues, monticello, Walhalla
○ Eclecticism/Neo-styles (historicism): 1850
■ Styles chosen according to appropriateness, i.e. university = neo-
renaissance style bc knowledge
■ Transformation ringstrasse vienna, Parliament vienna.
■ Neo-gothic: town hall/church.
■ Neo-renaissance: university/museum
■ Neo-baroque: theatre
■ Neo-Classicism (greek revival): parliament
■ Eclecticism: apartment building
○ Arts and crafts: 1860
○ Art Nouveau: 1890
○ Modernism: 1917
○ Art Deco: 1925
○ Brutalism: 1950
○ Postmodernism: 1970
● Democracy in france started violently w beheading of king. Then Napoleon came to
power.
● Lisbon was destroyed by an earthquake, tsunami, and fire before reconstruction in 1755
● Early factories were plain, but later there were attempts to make them conventional arch
with conscious elements
○ Menier chocolate factory uses steel frame structure
● Ebenezer Howard proposed “garden cities” as solutions to housing in industrial areas in
an attempt to make better living circumstances
● There were other attempts, i.e. Victor Calland, Familistere in Guise
● Pierre Charles L’enfant: urban planning of the city of washington was much like Andre
Le Notre’s urban planning
● Edmund Burke on the sublime - tied to the possibility of pain → untamed power of
the natural world
● Strong presence of nature around late 1700s - early 1800s
● Simeon de Witt (1756-1834): geographer
● John Rutherford (1760-1840): lawyer and politician
● Governeur Morris (1752-1816): politician
● New York commissioners’ plan: form and manner: rectilinear and rectangular streets or
others? A city is to be composed principally of the habitations of men, and that straight-
sided and right-angled houses are the most cheap to build and the most convenient to live
in.
● transformation/fortification of Paris required transforming the urban fabric
○ Transformation underground: sewers, subway/metro system
○ Haussmann: prefect of the Seine department, 1853-1870
○ Paris 1856: 1.2 mi inhabitants
● Ildefons Cerda
○ Urban plan of Barcelona
○ General theory of Urbanization: urbanization vs city building. Infinite versus
finite.
● Transformation of Vienna: Competition for Ringstrasse
○ 3 winners, final plan = combination of ideas
● New York: building a new city
● Paris: transforming the existing city through demolition
● Vienna: Mending the city
● Barcelona: Urbanizing the rural land around the city
● NY and Barcelona: Neutral, generic
● Paris & Vienna: Specific and monumental
● NY: streets. Barc., Paris, Vienna: Streets and buildings
● Cities are a collective product. Paris and Barcelona are attributed to one person
(haussmann/cerda). NY and Vienna are not attributed to a single designer: the plan as
actor (NY), emperor franz Joseph as commissioner (Vienna).
● Turin was the capital of Italy before florence, Rome
January 17: 2 Saint Petersburg 1800
Topics Covered:
• Foundation and planning of the Saint Petersburg
• Russian Baroque: Domenico Trezzini, Pyotr Yeropkin, Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
• Russian Neoclassicism: Giacomo Quarenghi, Carlo Rossi, Andreyan Zakharov
• Hermitage, Petershof, Catherine Palace
● Peter the Great = founder of SPB
● SPB = NW of Russia
● Russia wanted to move the capital to the west
● Kronshtadt = closeby island, developed simultaneously, now connected by bridge
● The city is made up of large islands, waterways divide the land
● 1700: popl’n is 0 → 1700: 95,000 → 1850: 520,000 → 1900: 1,440,000
● The city started with buildings for Peter the Great. Mostly wood, now gone bc many fires
● Closeby: Cottage of Peter the Great, Winter Mansion (more luxurious), Winter Palace
(first serious building), Summer Palace & Summer Garden (Trezzini)
