NURS 1750 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Blood Vessel, Thoracic Cavity, Umbilical Cord
28 Jun 2018
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Anatomy and Physiology Study Questions
Questions and Answers
Human Body - Week One
1. Define Anatomy and Physiology
a. Anatomy is the science of body structuctures and the relationships among them.
b. Physiology on the othe rhand is the science of body functions - how the body
parts work.
2. Name the six levels of organization of the human body:
a. Chemical level- atoms (small units of matter) molecules (two or more atoms
joined together)
b.
c. Cellular level- molecules combine to form cells- basic structural and functional
units of an organism
d. Tissue level- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work
together to perform a function-four types-epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
e. Organ level-tissues are joined together-structures that are composed of two or
more different types of tissues- specific functions and recognizable shapes
f. System (organ-system) level- related organs with a common function
g. Organismal level- parts of the human body functioning together constitute the
total organism
3. Name the eleven body systems along with each of their functions and components:
Body System Components and Functions
Integumentary
System (Ch. 5)
Components: Skin, hair, finger and toe nails, sweat and oil glands.
Functions: protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates some
wastes, detects sensations (touch, warmth, pain), stores fat and
provides insulation.
Skeletal System
(Ch. 6 - 9)
Components: Bones and joints and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body, houses cells that produce
blood cells, stores minerals and lipids, provides area for muscle
attachment and aids in body movement.
Muscular System
(Ch. 10, 11)
Components: Specifically skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually
attached to bone).
Functions: Participates in body movements, maintains posture and
produces heat.
Nervous System
(Ch. 12 - 17)
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs (ie.
eyes and ears).
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities, detects, interprets and responds to changes in body’s
external and internal environment by causing muscular contractions or
glandular secretions.
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Endocrine System
(Ch. 18)
Components: Hormone producing glands and hormone-producing
cells.
Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.
Cardiovascular
System (Ch 19 - 21)
Components: Blood, heart and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through vessels, blood carries O2 and
nutrients to calls and takes CO2 and wastes away and helps regulate
acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids, and
blood components help defend against disease.
Lymphatic System
and Immunity
(Ch. 22)
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B and T
cells).
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood, contains sites of
maturation and proliferation of B and T cells which protect against
disease-causing microbes and carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract
to blood.
Respiratory System
(Ch. 23)
Components: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled O2 to blood and takes CO2
from blood to exhaled air, produces sounds via air passing through
vocal cords and helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids.
Digestive System
(Ch. 24)
Components: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, anus, accessory organs such as salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder and pancreas.
Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs
nutrients, eliminates solid wastes.
Urinary System
(Ch. 26)
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Functions: Stores and produces urine, helps regulate red blood cell
production, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood,
helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.
Reproductive
System (Ch. 28)
Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries), and associates organs
(Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, ductus
or vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis).
Functions: Produce games, release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes.
4. Name the four basic life processes and briefly describe them.
a. Responsiveness: the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
b. Growth: an increase in body size resulting from an increase in the size of existing
cells, an increase in number of cells or both.
c. Differentiation: the development of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized
state.
d. Movement: includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and
tiny structures inside cells.
e. Metabolism (anabolism & catabolism): sum or all chemical processes that occur
in body.
f. Reproduction: the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement
5. Define catabolism and anabolism.
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a. Catabolism: one phase in metabolism, it’s the breakdown of complex substances
into simpler components. Ex. enzymes split (catabolize) proteins into amino
acids.
b. Anabolism, another phase of metabolism, it’s the building up of complex
chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. Ex. Amino acids build
(anabolize) new proteins that make up muscles and bones.
6. Define Homeostasis.
a. Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s
internal environment. Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids.
7. Homeostasis disruptions can be from:
a. External environment- intense heat of a hot summer day or a lack of enough
oxygen for that two-mile run
Internal environment- blood glucose level that falls too low when you skip
breakfast
Psychological stresses- demands of work and school
8. Name and describe the three basic components of a feedback system:
a. •Receptor-body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and
sends input to a control center
b. •Control center- brain- sets the set point for maintaining controlled condition,
evaluates the input from receptors, generates output commands
c. •Effector- body structure that receives output from the control center and
produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
9. There are two types of feedback systems that work to maintain homeostasis. State and
give three points for each.
a. Positive Feedback Loops
a.i. Strengthen/reinforce a change.
a.ii. Enhance effect.
a.iii. Continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism.
b. Negative Feedback Loops
b.i. Reverses a change to a controlled condition.
b.ii. Negative change.
b.iii. Returns controlled condition to normal.
10. Name and describe the following directional terms.
Directional
Term
Definition Example of Use Opposite Term
Proximal Nearer to the attachment of a limb to
the trunk.
The humerus it proximal to the
radius.
Distal
Distal Farther from the attachment of a limb
to the trunk.
The phalanges are distal to the
carpals (wrist bones).
Proximal
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