Psychology 1000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Normative Social Influence, Theory Of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Dissonance
3 Jun 2018
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Behaviour in a Social Context
Social Thinking and Perception
• Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behaviour
o Attributions – judgments about the causes of behaviour and outcomes
o Fritz Heider maintained that attempts to understand behaviour involve different
types of attribution
▪ Personal attribution – people’s ehaiour is aused their
characteristics
▪ Situational attribution – aspects of the situation cause behaviour
o Three types of information determine attribution we make
▪ Consistency (is the decision made always consistent)
▪ Distinctiveness (is the decision distinct to a situation, or often made)
▪ Consensus (how do other people respond)
• When these three are higher, the decision made is a situational
attribution
o Fundamental attribution error – tendency to underestimate the impact of the
situatio ad oerestiate the role of persoal fators he eplaiig other’s
behaviour
o Self-serving bias – making relatively more personal attributions for successes and
more situational attributions for failure
o Cultural influences affect attributions
▪ Participants from India make more situational attributions, and
Americans make more personal attributions
• Forming and Maintaining Perceptions
o Primacy effect – tendency to attach more importance to the initial information
that we learn about a person
o Stereotype – generalized beliefs about a group or category of people (type of
schema)
o Self-fulfilling prophecy – occurs when people’s erroneous expectations lead
them to act toward others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours,
thereby confirming the original impression
• Attitudes and Attitude Change
o Attitude – a positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus
▪ Come from conditioning, social learning, and direct experience
o Three factors explain why attitude-behaviour relationship is sometimes strong
and sometimes weak:
▪ Attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when counteracting
situational factors are weak
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