BI464 Midterm: BI464-Midterm-1-Review
BI464 Midterm 1 Review
Lecture 8- Rosacea Fruits
- 85 genera, 3000 spp.
- Herbs, shrubs, trees
- Flowers b=isexual, radial, 5-merous
- Andoecium: many stamens
- Fruit: variable: pome, drupe, aggregate
- Many Rosaceae contain cyanides in the leaves and seeds.
- Contains many fruit trees, strawberries, raspberries, etc.; ornamental
plants (e.g., rose)
- Rosacea pomme fruit
o E.g. Malus domestica (apple); no sclereids
▪ Possibly one of the first fruit trees cultivated
▪ Malus sieversii (wild central Asian species) and M. sylvestris
(along the silk route) possible contributor to the M. domestica
▪ Either way hard to determine its cultivation, just known to be
harvested and eaten wild during the Neolithic stage
▪ Grafting; a shoot or twig inserted into the stem of living plant
for nutrition. This yielded favourable traits to be maintained as
sexual reproduction often lost these traits→ first evidence
found circa 3000 Greece; the rootstock were usually seedlings
of wild species
▪ Contradicting symbol of apples: biblical reference, “Big” apple,
Mac logo
▪ In Latin malus= bad
▪ Bobbing for apples dates back to renaissance era, in which in
Ireland and Scotland on Halloween nights were maidens
names written on the apple and potential husbands would bob
for their wives→ so symbol of love, fertility and prosperity
o With sclereids (Found in the mesocarp-the middle layer of the
pericarp): Pears (wild)→ were thought to have been collected wild
prior to cultivation according to archeological findings, however
reliable evidence dictates pear tree cultivation by Greek and Romans
▪ Cydonia oblonga (Quince) cultivated in Middle east
▪ Pyrus communis (European pear) cultivated by the Greeks and
Romans
- Rosacea drupe fruit
o E.g. (cherries) Prunus avium – Sweet cherry & Prunus cerasus- Sour
▪ Were domesticated in Europe, Turkey, NE Asia & W Asia
▪ Pit is spherical and smooth, inflorescence forms an umble
o Prunus domestica (Plums) domesticated and evolved in Europe
▪ Pit is compressed and smooth to rough
▪ Plum stones found in Neolithic Switzerland, Germany, Italy and
Austria
▪ More so taken into cultivation along with apples and pears
▪ In eastern Europe, good for brandy the P. domestica
o Prunus armeniaca (Apricot)
▪ Flower is solitary, almost sessile, pit is compressed smooth to
rough
▪ Domesticated in China, introduced to Persia (Iran)
▪ Hard to ship as very perishable (very soft), need heat/dry
climate to grow
▪ Believed to be domesticated in Armenia
o Prunus persica (Peaches)
▪ Flower also almost solitary and sessile, pit with groves
▪ Domesticated in China, introduced to Persian along the silk
route
▪ Came to new world in 16-17 century by the Portuguese to the
South Americas and Spaniards to the northern coast of Florida
while the Natives spread it over to Canada
▪ All the oranges, tangerines and bananas from China
o Prunus dulcis (Almond)
▪ Similar in appearance of peach spp. But the drupe is partial
dehiscent and the pit has different ornamentation
▪ Domestication thought to be around Mediterranean; involved
hybridization among varying species including selecting for
plant species containing non bitter almonds (contain cyanide
compound-amygdaline)
▪ ^found in trace so not really toxic unless consume kg
▪ Ca levels highest among other nuts
- Rosacea with aggregate fruit
o Fragaria x ananassa = F. chiloensis x F. virginiana
o Strawberries are herbs with runners and trifoliate leaves, “double”
calyx (5+5 sepals) and fruit with an aggregate of achenes
o Hybrid domestication b/w two new world species introduced to
Europe by the Spanish colonist
▪ F. chiloensis domesticated/cultivated by Mapuches of Chile
and F. virginiana (wild strawberry) by N America
▪ Note that the Europeans and N America aboriginal ppl used F.
virginiana and F.vesca , the wild strawberry species
- Rosacea with drupe fruit aggregate
o Rubus ideaus (Raspberries)
o Various Rubus hybrids (Blackberries)
▪ Contradicting symbol as the phone (technology)
o Leaves palmate, 3-foliate or pinnately-compound, calyx “simple” (5
sepals) fruit aggregate of drupes.
o Most recent domesticated (native to Europe and W Asia)
Clicker 1: Strictly domesticated in Europe: Plum Tree
Clicker 2: Development of grafting was important for domestication of fruit trees
because:
a. The wild rootstock provides better water absorption
b. The wild rootstock provides resistance to nematodes and other soil pests
c. The scion (graft) grows more vigorously because of the grafting effect
d. The scion benefits from mRNAs from the rootstock
e. Grafting is a form of artificial vegetative propagation that allow the
maintenance of the desirable traits provided by the scion
Lecture 7- Solanaceae Food Plants
- 147 genera, 2930 spp
- Herbs (usually)
- Flowers actinomorphic and bisexual; 5-merous
- Corolla: 5 petals, fused; variable: rotate, campanulate, funnelform
- Fruit: berry or capsule
- The entire family is characterized by content of various alkaloids; therefore,
they are commonly poisonous plants.
o Some species are hallucinogenic/ toxic
- Solanum = corolla rotate; the berry is full (es, tomatoes, eggplants,
nightshades, etc.)
o Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato
▪ Yellow flowers; no tubers, berries yellow to red.
▪ Corollas are actually fused, berries are empty inside unlike
capsicums
▪ Cultivated in greenhouses or field
▪ Two theories w/ respect to cultivation; either
of Andeans origin (domestication by the Inca in regions of
Peru, Columbia, Bolivia, Ecuador) or Mexican origin (uncertain
if by the Aztecs)
▪ Also the time not certain, though Mexicans
claim to have the oldest record of them
▪ Were introduced in 16th century as a curiosity
to Europeans, first to Italy; plant known to be toxic while the
fruit is safe
▪ Initially the “pomme de love”
▪ Most eaten today are hybrids; easy to
transport, resistance, longer shelf life→ huge amount of
cultivars have been developed from single species S.
lycopersicum via plant breeding
▪ Widely known to be part of the Italian, Spanish and
Mediterranean culture (i.e. Tomato festival “La Tomatina” in
Bunol)
▪ Known to be effective against cancers including prostate, colon,
breast, lung and pancreatic tumors
▪ Lycopene (prevent skin damage) a flavonoid antioxidant (red
cultivars), along with caretonoids and xanthins may protect
cell and other structures from harmful oxygen-free radical
