CAS BI 203 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Catalase, Vesicle Fusion, Intermembrane Space

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2 Jan 2017

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To review: go over the cyclic amp and the glycogen example, how are they connected to one another. You should understand hat lipid modification and gpi anchors are occur in the cell and that they have roles in cell interaction and recognition. What should we know for these/how in depth. Only that they are modification: what do we need to know about processing of n-oligo in the er. That it is a type of glycosylation, addition of carb to a protein, that has a role in cell recognition or interaction: do we need to know about keratin. Only that it is an example of an intermediate filament: do we need to know about the lambda tubulin ring complex or should we just know it is inside the hollow ring of the microtubule. It moves due to the fluidity of the membrane. There are probably other factors but they are not currently known. Yes, but note that sphingomyelin is a phospholipid.

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Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), the worldâs largest carnivorous marsupials, are facing extinction. Not from hunting, or habitat loss, but from within; a transmissible cancerous derivative of Schwann cells, responsible for devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). First seen in 1996, the disease has spread widely though the population, and is now estimated to be present in 80% of the population. With the grim prognosis of ~100% mortality in 12-18 months, animals that once went through multiple breeding cycles are now lucky to reproduce once before death, resulting in a 70% decline in their population over the past decade. The cancer is transmitted by biting (a common ritual used by these animals to establish and maintain social position), with cancer cells from one animal (the biter) being implanted in the wound inflicted on the other animal. Equally common in both sexes, the disease itself is more prevalent in animals higher on the social scale, presumably reflecting higher levels of social interaction (biting). The cancer is usually first evident as facial tumors, from which metastasis to cervical lymph nodes occurs, often followed by dissemination to other organ systems. Cause of death is by organ failure or by malnutrition in those with facial tumors large enough to prevent feeding. Based on what we have covered regarding the Major Histocompatibility Complex, you would expect the passage of a cancer from one individual to another* to be a rare event (to see just how rare, read the accompanying popular press piece from the New York Times). Here are some things that you already know: *Yes, some viruses can cause cancer (example: Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer), and you can transmit a virus from one individual to another; but that is not the same thing as passing the cancer itself. v Almost all nucleated cells express high levels of class I MHC proteins on their surface. v Class I MHC proteins collect peptides produced from endogenous proteins and display them at the cell surface. v Different Class I MHC proteins bind and display different peptides. v Developing cytotoxic T-cells that recognize self-antigens are eliminated. v Mature cytotoxic T-cells conduct surveillance by scanning the peptides displayed by class I MHC proteins. v Mature cytotoxic T-cells that recognize an antigen on a cell will kill that cell (recall that cytotoxic T cell activity is important in rejection of tissue transplants).

Before the questions:
v Tasmanian Devils are not immunosuppressed.
v Tasmanian Devil cytotoxic T-cells are not broken, they can kill cells.
So neither of those should be part of your answers.
This is an ongoing research topic with large gaps in our knowledge; we really donât fully understand how this works
and so there is no âcorrectâ answer. Your job is to provide a logical argument, with some research and details to
support your contention. Note that in questions 1 & 2 class I MHC should be part of your answer, but not in
question 3.

Questions:
1.) Acquiring DFTD is basically like receiving a transplant that is not rejected. How can that be? Suggest a possible
way this could occur. Be sure to explain why you think this would work, and then explain how you would test
that model to determine if it were correct. (10 point question).
2.) Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT) is the other know transmissible cancer in mammals. Unlike
DFTD, CTVT does not usually result in death. Do a little research on this disease and summarize how it is
different from DFTD. Provide an explanation as to why one is lethal and the other is generally not. (10 point
question).
3.) Recently, researchers at Washington State University determined that some Tasmanian devils had developed
resistance to this cancer. By scanning partial genome sequences of resistant and susceptible animals (a
complete devil genome has yet to be assembled) they identified a set of genes where mutations appeared to
enhance resistance. Speculate as to the function of the proteins these genes encode, and explain why that
might provide for resistance (note: they were NOT MHC genes).

Mainly need guidance/ideas for #1's 1 and 3!

As you may recall in the work of Triplett (1898), the presence of others in a bicycle race was found to enhance individual performance. This is called social facilitation (Williams, Harkins, & Karau, 2007). At times, however, the presence of others can detract from individual performance, which is termed social inhibition (Crisp & Turner, 2007). Similarly, social loafing can occur when an individualâs performance within a group decreases due to his or her reliance on others in the group (Crisp & Turner, 2007).

For this Discussion, review the media program, Week 5: The Virtual Office. Focus on the characters in the media and determine which characters displayed social facilitation, social inhibition, and social loafing.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 3 a description of the characters in the media program demonstrating social loafing, social inhibition, and social facilitation. Explain how you identified them. Then, select one of the characters and, using the current literature, explain two ways you might mitigate their behavior.

Media Program

(Onscreen Text: The employees at the United Cardboard Company often work individually on projects, but as with most environments, they are occasionally asked to participate in group projects. One such group is about to meet right now to plan a presentation for the Board of Directors. Observe the conversation and reactions of various group members to determine which group members exhibit signs of the following: Social Loafing, Social Inhibition, and Social Facilitation.)

(Interior of an office. Ken stands at the front of the conference room.)

KEN: OK, I guess we might as well all get started. As we all know, the big man has requested the five of us to get together and write and conceptualize a presentation to the board on our new packaging system. Maybe we can start by going around and throwing out some initial ideas.

KATHY: Sounds good to me. I think a PowerPoint presentation would do the job well.

GAVIN: I agree. We could follow it up with a physical demonstration of how the packaging looks and folds-- maybe a video of the larger pieces that won't fit into the boardroom.

KEN: Sounds perfect to me. Amanda, Brian, what do you guys think?

BRIAN: Yeah, what you guys said sounds fine.

(Amanda thinks, âI donât know what to say!â)

KEN: Amanda?

AMANDA: I don't know. I didn't really get much chance to think about this. We only found out we needed to do this together three days ago.

KEN: OK, no worries. Let's focus on the PowerPoint idea. I've been doing a lot of them lately, so I'm happy to take the lead on the design aspect. What do you guys think we should all incorporate into the slides?

GAVIN: I think we should start with where we got the idea for this new packaging -- the company that designed it and the different sizes that it comes in.

KATHY: We should follow that with a graph comparing the old prices to the new ones to illustrate how much we'll be saving over time. Amanda, didn't you have most of that information collected at some point?

(Amanda thinks, âOh no! What if I deleted that?)

AMANDA: I don't know, maybe, it's been so long. I didn't think I'd need it again for a group project like this.

(Gavin thinks, âI wonder whatâs gotten into her. Sheâs not usually this tense.â)

KEN: That's OK, Amanda, I'm sure we can easily dig it up again. Brian, do you have any other ideas for the PowerPoint slides?

BRIAN: Nah, I think what you guys mentioned sounds right.

(Kathy thinks, âWow. Way to contribute Brian.â)

KEN: OK then, Kathy and Gavin why don't you send me all of the info and I'll write it up and make the slides. Amanda, don't worry about the cost saving document, I'm sure I can dig it up from my old emails and put it into that slide too.

AMANDA: Are you sure? I'm happy to look. I mean I'm sure I have it somewhere. (Kathy thinks, âShe really needs to get it together. Why is she so nervous?â) At least I think I have it somewhere. You won't tell the Board of Directors if I lost it, will you?

KEN: Of course not, we're in it together. So as I was saying, I'll write up and prepare all the PowerPoint slides. Then we can start our presentation with reading and explaining each slide. Then, what?

KATHY: Well, and then I think we should show them the packaging live, and the quick deconstructing techniques.

KEN: Great idea. You and Amanda can demonstrate the folding, while I narrate what you're doing.

(Amanda thinks, âIs he doing too much of the work? And what if I drop everything while heâs talking?â)

GAVIN: And after you all demonstrate the smaller packaging, we could show a quick video of how the really big ones function down at the warehouse. Brian, would you be able to go film that quickly one of these days?

BRIAN: I don't really have any experience with video cameras or anything like that, so...

(Gavin thinks, âI should have seen that one coming.â)

KEN: That's OK. My wife actually just got me this great little camera for our anniversary. It takes great videos. So I can just run down to the warehouse, get some footage, then put it together on this new editing software I just downloaded. Maybe add a little music. It's going to be really slick!

KATHY: Are you sure, I wouldn't mind doing that too.

KEN: Oh no, it's fine. I love this kind of stuff; just leave it to me. But I suppose that's enough planning. Now it's time to get to work and make the presentation a knock out. Go team!

Multiply questions here

Q2. What is the consequence of chromosome inversion on meiosis? (work on a zygote with one normal chromosome and one chromosome with an inversion)

Q3. Search the web or read the textbook. Find a disease that is caused by translocation. What kind of translocation causes the disease?

Q4. Briefly explain how downâs syndrome or other trisomy is generated (3 sentences should be enough for you to explain this clearly)

Q5. I mutated a culture of wild type E. coli cells and wanted to isolate mutants that are unable to synthesize uracil (a nitrogen base in RNA). How can I achieve my goal? (try to finish your answer in 2-3 sentences)

Q6. For the ura- mutant isolated in Q5, I want to convert it to URA+ by transformation. Please tell me how I can achive this transformation with 3 SIMPLE sentences

Q7. What is the difference and relationship between an Hfr cell and an F+ cell?

Q8. I want to set up a mating between an Hfr strain and an F- (ade- his- bio-) strain and detect bio+ recombinant. Please design the experiment for me. (What genotype for Hfr do you need to choose? How will you select your recombinant? etc).

Q9. I want to use phage T2 to transducer the wild type ADE2 gene from the wild type E. coli strain to an ade2- E. coli mutant. How can I do this experimentally? (please briefly describe the approach, not experimental details such as incubation for 10 min, etc).

Q10. We talked about recombination in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Are there any differences in these two recombination ? (what are they if there are?)

Q11. Whose (or what) experiment proves that DNA is the genetic material?

Q12. What knowledge did Watson and Crick use in constructing the DNA model?

Q13. How does the double helix model support the three major functions of genetic materials?

Q14. What is the major chemical force that holds DNA and histone together? Hydrogen bonds

Q15. If I label E. coli cells in an N15 medium overnight and chase cells in an N14 medium for 2 generations, what fraction of cells still carry the N15 label?

Q16. If a 1000 kilobase fragment of DNA has five evenly spaced replication origins and DNA polymerase moves at 1 kilobase per second, how many seconds will a cell take to produce two daughter molecules?

Q17. DNA polymerases catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides. Use the formula for enzyme catalyzed reaction (see the example) to describe DNA polymerases. Example: Enzyme Substrate A + substrate B -------------------ï product c + product D Q8. During DNA replication, what is the direction of the growing strand?

Q18. For DNA synthesis in cells, why are there a leading strand and a lagging strand?

Q19. The following is the DNA sequence of a template strand. If the primase begins to synthesize primers from the middle âgâ, what will the primer sequence be? (assuming the primer can be 8 nucleotides long) 5â GACTCTAgGACTCCT 3â

Q20. Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III synthesize DNA during DNA replication. Please state the different roles they played during DNA replication.

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CAS BI 203 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Catalase, Vesicle Fusion, Intermembrane Space

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