CAS CH 131 Study Guide - Comprehensive Midterm Guide: Joseph Proust, Antoine Lavoisier, Sodium Chloride

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Atomic theory of matter: provides an historical and logical basis for understanding chemical activity. By the end of the 18th century 2 basic phenomenological laws of chemistry determined: Early in 19th century (1808) john dalton proposed a theory, later known as the atomic postulates: theory, to explain these laws. Dalton"s ideas are summarized by the following 5. 1. matter consists of atoms (greek idea orig. ) minute particles; shown later ~10-8cm (~angstrom. 2. all atoms of a given element are alike; identical in mass and properties. 3. conversely, atoms of diff. elements => diff. properties. In particular, masses of diff. atoms are diff. 4. atoms are indestructible & retain identity in chem reactions, i. e. chem. reaction is just a rearrangement of atoms. 5. atoms of diff. elements combine in simple numerical ratios to form compounds:1:1 =>ab. #2, 3, 5 rationalize law of definite proportions (a given compound always has same proportion of elements by weight. )

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LIGHT LAB SPRING 2018 CHEM 1430 Ill. Quantization of Electromagnetic Radiation In 1894, the German physidist, Max Plank, was working for a utility company to maximize visible light output from incandescent lamps using minimum power. Based on theoretical considerations, Planck postulated that electromagnetic energy could only be emitted at discrete values, rather than the continuum of predicted by classical physics, as multiples of the frequency of the radiation. Planck's Postulate took the mathematical form: EÂ·hv where the energy emitted, in Joules, is the product of a constant, h, known as Planck's Constant, and the frequency of the radiation, v. Planck's Postulate was experimentally verified and h found to have the value of 6.626 x 1034 Js(Joule seconds). The idea that electromagnetic radiation energy had specific frequency dependent energy was termed a "quantum of action," a distressing finding for the dlassically trained Planck. Despite his objections, Planck adopted this quantization of energy as a last resort to reconcile experiment with theory. This discovery set the stage for the early understanding of atomic structure, led to the term "photon" to describe the packet of energy carried by light waves, led to an understanding of the photoelectric effect, eventually leading to the development of general quantum theory Planck's Relationship, in combination with the tight equation, c the energy of a photon from frequency or wavelength. Î» w, allow expressions to be written to calculate ACTIVITY 4: QUANTIZATION OF THE ENERGY OF RADIATION To practice cakculations with Planck's Relationship, complete the following table, showing work with units in the right mest column, Convert given frequency to energy or given wavelength to energy. Take the value for Planck's Constant, h, to be 6.626 x 10"Js, show a calculation string include dimensions, reporting the final value to the proper number of significant figures Spectral Region Wavelength Frequency Energy in J/photon Show Calculation String Î» in meters v in s or cps X-ray 6.0 x 10"m Blue light 4.5 x 10m Infrared 4.1 x 10" cps Microwave 7.3 x 101 cps Radio Wave 3.0x 10 m IV. Bohr's Quantum Model for the Hydrogen Atom Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment of 1911 demonstrated the nuclear structure of the atom. Questions remained as to how electrons were arranged in the atom. The most common belief called for the negatively charged the late 19h century recognized a particle (an electron) traveling around a body (the positively charged nucleus) would continuously radiate energy, slowing over time, eventually falling into the nucleus. Matter would collapse. Page 8 of 12

CAS CH 131 Study Guide - Comprehensive Midterm Guide: Joseph Proust, Antoine Lavoisier, Sodium Chloride

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