BIOL 101 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Guanine, Adenine, Facilitated Diffusion

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21 Sep 2017

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If it supports the hypothesis, it should be tested multiple times over to prove it is correct. If it doesn"t support the hypothesis then it needs to be revised and re tested. What is a hypothesis: a hypothesis is an explanation for something, but it is not a law until it has been tested multiple times and can become a theory. What does it mean to have a control: a control is needed to test the hypothesis. Ex: if the grass is dying and your hypothesis is to add more water, a section of the grass needs to not be watered to test if the water is what is needed. Be able to plan out the steps of your own experiment. Which one is responsible for chemical reactions: elements are single substances that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substances, protons are particles that have positive electrical charges. Neutrons are particles that have a neutral charge.

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Scientific Method Exercise
Identify a situation in which you applied the scientific approach to solving a problem. Share your thinking! The problem you choose to write about can be very simple, such as: my flashlight won't work, or my car won't start, or I baked muffins and they were flat ( didn't rise properly) , or the toilet won't flush properly, or better yet, think of your own. These probably don't sound like "science" problems, but it is most likely that you would use the scientific method to solve them, without even realizing it. Avoid using people problems and child or pet behavior issues as your "problem." Follow these steps to create your first writing assignment:

1. Describe the situation and your observation,
2. Describe your hypothesis to explain the observation.
3. Describe your further observations or experiments to test the hypothesis. Be sure your hypothesis is one that can be tested. Consider what you might use for "controls".
4. Was the hypothesis correct? If not, can you find a better one? Or do you need a better experiment? If so, what would it be?

The assignment should be formatted as follows: Be sure to include the labels, so it is clear that you recognize and identify each step in the process.
Problem: (briefly describe your problem here)
Question: (This may be a "how" or "why" question that you will formulate a tentative answer to. Your tentative answer is your hypothesis.)
Hypothesis: (State the answer to your question above. This is your "best guess" regarding the answer to the question.)
Prediction: (This describes your experiment very briefly and states the outcome you expect that would support your hypothesis)
Experiment: (Describe how you tested your hypothesis)
Results: (Describe what happened, and whether the results supported or failed to support your hypothesis)

Lab Topic 1: The Process of Science

Introduction

1. Which of the following questions would you consider appropriate scientific questions that can be tested using the scientific method? For the statements that can be tested using the scientific method, explain how your experiment would be set up. Explain the different steps in the scientific method as they relate to this statement.

a. Does the pH of the soil affect the color of hydrangea flowers?

b. What properties of the soil influence the color of hydrangea flowers?

c. Do hydrangeas look more beautiful when grown in the right soil?

d. Was The Day After Tomorrow a better movie than Terminator?

e. Does grass require fertilizer in order to grow?

2. Read this hypothesis and answer the questions below:

Plants kept closer to windows grow larger than plants kept several feet away from windows.

a. Indicate the dependent variable:

b. Indicate the independent variable:

c. List 3 other variables that must be kept constant in this experiment (the control variables).

d. Write a prediction based on the above hypothesis.

Exercise 1.1

Take a Deep Breath

Students will need to take a picture of themselves or their group walking up and down on the step or doing other exercise. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:

1. Identify the following in the experimental design. You will need to refer to the protocol to answer this question.

a. Independent variable:

b. Dependent variable:

c. Experimental dataset:

d. Control dataset:

e. Hypothesis:

2. Fill in the data for each individual in your group for the Breath experiment.

	Length of time breath can be held (seconds)
Individual Tested	Resting	After 1 minutes of exercise	After 5 minutes of exercise




Average (take the average for each column)

3. Look at the averages for all individuals in your group. Was the hypothesis you stated in the previous question supported by the âaverage dataâ? Explain your answer!!!

4. Now look at the data for each individual separately. Was there data for anyone in your group that did not support the hypothesis? If yes, explain whythis could be.

5. How many replicates did your group have?________________ Why is it good to have more than one replicate?

Exercise 1.2

Letâs Graph

In this exercise, you will be graphing the data that you collected in exercise 1.1.

1. In exercise 1.1, you identified the independent and dependent variables. Which one goes on the X axis of the graph and which goes on the Y axis?

2. Will you make a line or a bar graph of your data? Explain why you chose this type of graph.

3. You will need to use excel to generate a graph of your data. On this graph, you will need to label the title, independent variable, dependent variable and possibly the legend. You will need to select an appropriate scale so the data is spread out on the graph.

*Consult with your instructor to see how he/she would like for you to submit your graph. You might work on it in class and submit it through D2L or you might submit it at a different time. If you are taking the online version of the class, you will need to use Excel or word to make the graph.

Exercise 1.3

You will need to get the data under exercise 1.3 in the protocol sheet to complete these sections.

1. What is the dependent variable?

2. What is the independent variable?

3. Which, if any, of these individuals has diabetes? ___A or B ___?

4. What data do you have to support your hypothesis?

5. Construct a graph showing the time after eating each group had the greatest blood glucose levels.

The investigator never begins an experiment without a prediction of its outcome. The prediction is always based on the particular experiment designed to test a specific hypothesis. Predictions are written in the form of if/then statements: "lf the hypothesis is true, then the results of the experiment will beâ¦"; for example, "if cactus spines reduce herbivory, then removal of the spines will result in greater surface area removed by herbivores." Making a prediction provides a critical analysis of the experimental design. If the predictions are not clear, the procedure can be modified before beginning the experiment. For the soybean experiment, the hypothesis was: "Exposure to sulfur dioxide reduces reproduction." What should the prediction be? State your prediction.

To evaluate the results of the experiment, the investigator always returns to the prediction. If the results match the prediction, then the hypothesis is supported. If the results do not match the prediction, then the hypothesis is falsified. Either way, the scientist has increased knowledge of the process being studied. Many times the falsification of a hypothesis can provide more information than confirmation does, since the ideas and data must be critically evaluated in light of new information. In the soybean experiment, the scientist may learn that the prediction is true (sulfur dioxide does reduce reproduction at the concentration tested). As a next step, the scientist may now wish to identify the particular level at which the effect is first demonstrated. Review your hypotheses for the numbered questions. Consider how you might design an experiment to test the first hypothesis. For example, you might measure auditory function by performing hearing tests or observing changes in structures in the ear. The prediction might be:

IF cell phone usage reduces auditory function (a restatement of the hypothesis),

then people who use cell phones will score lower on hearing tests than persons who do not (predicting the results from the experiment).

Now consider an experiment you might design to test the second hypothesis. How will you measure "mental advantage"?

State a prediction for this hypothesis and experiment. Use the if/then format:

The actual test of the prediction is one of the great moments in research. No matter the results, the scientist is not just following a procedure but truly testing a creative explanation derived from an interesting question.â

1. Honeybees provide 80% of the pollination services for crops, including almonds, squash, melons, alfalfa, apples, and pumpkins. Migratory beekeepers transport over 2 million hives to farmland as crops begin to flower. In 2006-2007 beekeepers were alarmed when 50% of the honeybee colonies in 26 states were lost. In fact one of the biggest mysteries was that the bees were not found dead in the hives, but rather were simply gone! Scientists have termed this Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). They are currently considering three alternative hypotheses: emerging pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi), environmental toxins or chemicals; or abduction by humans (or aliens). Using the criteria in Lab Study B, Developing Hypotheses, select the hypothesis you would pursue as a scientist and justify your choice.

BIOL 101 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Guanine, Adenine, Facilitated Diffusion

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