PSYC 361 Midterm: Psyc361 DevExam 1 Review Weisman
12 May 2018
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Psych. 361 – Exam #1 Review
Ch. 1:
3 domains of child development - Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Social. Each domain
influences and is influenced by the others.
Characteristics of lifespan development perspective - development is lifelong, multidimensional,
multidirectional, and highly plastic. It is influenced by multiple, interacting forces such as
history, culture, age, and life events.
Continuous vs. discontinuous development - the continuity theory says that development is a
gradual, continuous process. The discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of
distinct stages.
Why is Darwin considered to be the forefather of the study of child development? Scientific
child study was born thanks to his findings of prenatal growth. He found that early prenatal
growth is similar in many species and other scientists were able to conclude that the human child
follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species.
Freud – 3 parts of personality name and describe Id, Ego, Superego. The Id is the child part of
personality, it is impulsive, spontaneous, reckless and immature. The Ego is the mature adult part
of personality, it is logical, rational, problem solving, and brings balance between the id and the
super ego. The Superego is the conscience part of the mind that regulates the moral compass of a
person by feelings of guilt embarrassment and pride.
Describe Freud’s theory (ages, stages, developmental issues): Freud’s psychosexual stages:
Oral: 0 – 1 years, sucking, cooing, objects in mouth
Anal: 1 – 3 years, toilet training, control of body
Phallic: 3-6 years, focus in sex differences and genitals, becoming aware of gender
Latency: 6-11 years, focus on social skills, academics, sports- competency
Genital: puberty and beyond, focus on adult sexual relationships
Describe Erikson’s theory (ages, stages, developmental issues): Erikson’s Psychosocial stages:
Trust vs mistrust: birth – 1 year, sense of trust if adults meet needs in a timely manner, mistrust
when handled harshly or must wait too long for comfort
Autonomy vs shame/doubt 1-3 years, parents allow/encourage child’s independent choices using
new skills, child shamed for being independent or forced to explore only what parents wish
Initiative vs guilt 3-6 years, playing leads to ambition, purpose, responsibility; too much self-
control, lack of make-believe play leads to confusion and guilt
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2
Industry vs inferiority: 6-11 years, work with and cooperate with others can lead to self-esteem
and achievement, negative social, academic, family experiences lead to sense of
inferiority/incompetence
Identity vs confusion teens, choice of values, roles, answer question who am I? can lead to
confusion about future adult roles
Intimacy vs isolation young adults, establishing close relationships with others, can lead to being
and feeling lonely
Generativity vs stagnation middle age, giving to the next generation through child rearing,
productive work, volunteering, helping other; can lead to feeling stuck or stagnant, without
meaningful accomplishment
Integrity vs despair old age, reflect on life/self as worthwhile, dissatisfied with choices can lead
to despair/fear
Piaget’s stages of development (names, age ranges) Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years, infants think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears,
hands, and mouth. They invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems, such as pulling a lever to
hear a music box, finding hidden toys, and putting objects into and taking them out of containers.
Preoperational: 2-7 years, preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor
discoveries. Development of language and make-believe play takes place. Thinking lacks the
logic of the two remaining stages
Concrete operational: 7-11 years, children’s reasoning becomes logical. School-age children
understand that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same after the
appearance changes. They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses.
Children think in a logical, organized fashion only when dealing with concrete information they
can perceive directly.
Formal operational: 11 years and on, the capacity, systematic thinking enables adolescents, when
faced with a problem, to start with a hypothesis, deduce testable inferences, and isolate and
combine variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Adolescents can also evaluate the logic
of verbal statements without referring to real world circumstance
Brief description (main ideas) of evolutionary developmental psychology - evolutionary
psychologist are not only concerned with the genetic and biological roots of development but
they also recognize that humans large brain and extended childhood resulted from the need to
master an increasingly complex environment, resulting in an additional interest in learning
Brief description (main ideas) of Vygotsky’s theory - Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory,
transmission of culture to a new generation, beliefs, customs, skills, social interaction necessary
to learn culture and values, conversation, teaching, shared experiences with older more
knowledgeable people
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3
Ch. 3:
Periods of prenatal development
Zygote 1-2 weeks, fertilization, implantation, start of placenta
Embryo 3-8 weeks, groundwork laid for body structures/internal organs, heart begins beating (~6
weeks)
Fetus 9-40 weeks, growth and finishing
Trimesters of pregnancy plus length of each time period
First 1-12 weeks, includes periods of zygote, embryo, and beginning fetus, organ/body
development
Second 13-26 weeks, mother can feel movement, age of viability 22-26 weeks
Third 27-40 weeks, overall organ and brain growth, weight gain, “practice” with sleep/wake
cycles, movement, 38 weeks and beyond full term
What is a teratogen? Any substance that causes damage during the prenatal period
Types of teratogens drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, pollution, maternal diseases
How are teratogens connected to pregnancy/development? Teratogens can cause damage to
development depending on
Dose: how much, how long
Heredity: gene strength in handling teratogens
Other negative influences such as poor nutrition, lack of medical care
Age of baby in the womb at the time of exposure
Reasons why women don’t seek prenatal care - Lack of health insurance. Situational barriers
such as finding a doctor, getting an appointment, and arranging transportation. Personal barriers
such as psychological stress, the demands of taking care of other young children. Engagement in
high risk behaviors such as smoking and drug abuse that they do not want to reveal to healthcare
professionals.
3 stages of childbirth, plus average length of each stage Labor Stages:
Dilation and effacement of cervix longest stage, 12-14 hours average for first birth, strong
contractions lead to opening of cervix
Delivery of baby pushing baby out, strong contractions, active part of labor, usually 50 minutes
to a few hours for first birth
Birth of the placenta placenta separates from uterus and is either pushed out or comes out on its
own, immediately after birth
Description and purpose of the Apgar score - The scale is used to assess the newborns physical
condition, it measures Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
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Document Summary
3 domains of child development - physical, cognitive, emotional and social. Each domain influences and is influenced by the others. Characteristics of lifespan development perspective - development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, and highly plastic. It is influenced by multiple, interacting forces such as history, culture, age, and life events. Continuous vs. discontinuous development - the continuity theory says that development is a gradual, continuous process. The discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages. Scientific child study was born thanks to his findings of prenatal growth. He found that early prenatal growth is similar in many species and other scientists were able to conclude that the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species. Freud 3 parts of personality name and describe id, ego, superego. The id is the child part of personality, it is impulsive, spontaneous, reckless and immature.
