CHEM 2031 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Properties Of Water, Unified Atomic Mass Unit, Sodium Chloride
CHEM 2031
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
1.1 Atoms and Molecules
•
Atoms
•
Submicroscopic
•
Smallest building blocks
•
CO binds to hemoglobin more strongly than O2 (can suffocate because it binds)
•
Burns blue
•
CO2 does not bind to hemoglobin
•
Not flammable
1.2 Scientific Method
•
Observe and experiment in order
1.3 Classification of Matter
•
Matter: occupies space and has mass
•
Non-matter: photons, light, sound waves (all forms of energy)
•
Solids
•
Crystallin: solids have a well-defined form
•
beryllium, aluminum, silicate, quartz (has a fixed melting point)
•
Amorphous: solid’s don’t have a well-defined shape
•
Rubber, amber, glass (no fixed melting point)
•
Gas
•
Will fill and take shape of container
State
Shape
Volume
Compress
Flow
Solid
Fixed
Fixed
No
No
Liquid
Not Fixed
Fixed
No
Yes
Gas
Not Fixed
Not Fixed
Yes
Yes
1.3.2 Classifying Matter by Composition
•
Mixtures
•
Homogeneous mixture: sugar water
•
mixed completely and can’t see: you can only see the end result (for ex: you
can’t see salt and water when mixed. it just becomes salt water)
•
Heterogenous mixture: mud water
•
Not mixed completely: not uniformed (ex. cocktails on the rock)
•
Pure Substances
•
Compounds: H2O, NaCl, C12H22O11
•
Elements: H2, O2, Na, Cl2, Ne
•
Can use physical methods to separate mixtures (ex: distillation of salt water, magnet)
•
Chemical reaction required to separate pure substances (compounds)
•
Physical and Chemical Properties
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
1.5 Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work
• Energy goes with chemical and physical changes
• E = Ek + Ep
• Kinetic energy: related to motion
• Most important: thermal which is the motion of atoms and molecules
• Potential energy: related to position
• The Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed
• Energy is converted
1.6 The Units of Measurement
• Measured quantity: number + unit (ex. 1mg, 23g)
1.6.2 Temperature Scales
• C + 273.15 = K: K - 273.15 = C
• Absolute zero = 0K
1.6.3 Scientific Notation
• 568000 (move left = positive notation)
• 0.00000772 (move right = negative notation)
• 4.31 x 10^4 + 3.9 x 10^3 = 4.31 x 10^4 + 0.39 x 10^4 (by having the same exponent you
can just add them together without changing the exponent)
• Multiplying exponents
• (4.0x10^-5)x(7.0x10^3) = (4.0x7.0)x(10^(-5+3)) = 28 x 10^-2 = 2.8 x 10^-1
• Add exponents starting from the first set of numbers given
• Dividing exponents
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
1. 1 atoms and molecules: atoms, co binds to hemoglobin more strongly than o2 (can suffocate because it binds, co2 does not bind to hemoglobin. 1. 2 scientific method: observe and experiment in order. 1. 3 classification of matter: matter: occupies space and has mass, non-matter: photons, light, sound waves (all forms of energy, solids, gas, will fill and take shape of container. Amorphous: solid"s don"t have a well-defined shape beryllium, aluminum, silicate, quartz (has a fixed melting point) Yes mixed completely and can"t see: you can only see the end result (for ex: you can"t see salt and water when mixed. it just becomes salt water) Not mixed completely: not uniformed (ex. cocktails on the rock: pure substances, can use physical methods to separate mixtures (ex: distillation of salt water, magnet, chemical reaction required to separate pure substances (compounds, physical and chemical properties. Most important: thermal which is the motion of atoms and molecules.
