BIOL 142 Study Guide - Final Guide: Southern Blot, Genetic Drift, Restriction Enzyme
Wednesday, May 2, 2018
BIO142 REVIEW
ā¢Obstacles one must navigate when trying to sequence and identify genes in
eukaryotes - mRNA splicing (alternative versions, hard to trace back to the gene,
genome size, transposons, repetitive sequences)"
ā¢Sequencing eukaryotes is easier - no splicing, smaller genome size"
ā¢Traits in a fossil species that are intermediate between ancestral and derived species
- transitional features, physiological traits"
ā¢Shotgun sequencing - genomic DNA, randomly fragment it, make a genomic library
by inserting into bacteria, sequence each fragment individually in clones, overlap the
sequences to map the sequences, run the sequence through a computer, ļ¬nd ORF
(open reading frame) (start-stop codon) and ļ¬nd where genes might be, use express
sequence tags to conļ¬rm the location of genes, comparative genome analysis"
ā¢Lack of glucose - cAMP production, activates CAP (binds to CAP binding site,
similar to the promoter proximal element in eukaryotes), binds to RNA polymerase"
ā¢The PaJaMo - interrupted mating experiment, conjugation, you trace which elements
are transferred by interrupting the mating at set intervals, how long does it take the
diļ¬erent lac genes to transfer, gives you an idea about the distance between the
genes so you can visualize the lac operon"
ā¢Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - the frequencies are stable, the evolutionary forces are
not acting on the population and the population is not evolving"
ā¢HAT (histone acetyl transferase) - Acetyl groups negate the positive charge of the
histone, weakens the binding of histone to DNA, allows for transcription to occur.
HDACs do the opposite. "
ā¢Operon - genes that are transcribed at the same time using the same promoter"
ā¢Coding sequence - transposable elements, mini/macro satellites (repeated
sequences), pseudogenes, exons"
ā¢Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic gene regulation: "
ā¢Regulatory and basal transcription factors (RNA polymerase) are similar"
ā¢Basal transcription - bare minimum to transcribe, universal"
ā¢Regulatory elements and the proteins they bind are cell/gene-speciļ¬c"
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