B__1) Driver mutations provide a growth advantage to a tumor cell. Which type of mutation is known to accumulate in cancer cells but has no direct contribution to the cancer phenotype?
A) alteration mutations B) passenger mutations C) carrier mutations
D) indirect mutations E) insignificant mutations
_A__2) Which of the following general mechanisms appear to be involved in the formation of cancer cells?
A) genomic instability, DNA repair failure, chromatin modifications
B) inversions, operon formation, methylation
C) RNA failure, DNA phosphorylation, phosphorylation of adenyl cyclase
D) transdetermination, mutation, allosteric interactions
E) suppression, tabulation, projection
_A__3) What is the name of the protein that combines with cyclins to exert local control of the cell cycle?
A) cyclin-dependent kinase B) phosphatase C) ATPase D) integrase E) hexokinase
_D__4) A protein functions as a cell-cycle regulator that causes cell death (apoptosis) to a damaged cell. What is the symbol given to this protein?
A) p34 B) p102 C) cyclin D) p53 E) phosphokinase
_A__5) The retinoblastoma protein (pRB), like p53, serves as a(n) ________ in regulating the cell cycle.
A) tumor suppressor B) tumor enhancer C) up regulator D) oncogene E) pseudooncogene
_C__6) Mutant versions of genes that are normally involved in promoting the cell cycle are known as ________.
A) tumor suppressors B) proto-oncogenes C) oncogenes D) malignant genes E) attenuators
_B__7) In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, how many gene mutations are thought to be necessary in the same cell for a tumor to develop?
A) one B) two C) four D) six
__D_8) What is the name of the protein that appears to regulate the entry of cells into an S phase? This protein is also known as the "guardian of the genome."
A) p34 B) p102 C) cyclin D) p53 E) phosphokinase
