BIOL 4803 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Fat, Obesity
BIOL 4803
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
26 August 2018
APPH 4803
Chapter 1 – What Is Nutrition?
Objectives
Discuss factors that influence your food choices
Define term nutrition
Differentiate between six categories of essential nutrients found in food and in the body
Understand importance of well-balanced diet in meeting your daily nutrient needs
Discuss the current nutritional state of the American diet
Understand the scientific method that is involved in nutrition research and identify reliable
sources of nutrition information
What Drives Our Food Choices?
Nutrients ~ chemical compounds in foods to provide fuel for energy, growth, and maintenance,
and to regulate body processes
o 6 Classes
▪ Carbohydrates, fats, protein – provide energy in form of kilocalories
▪ Vitamins, minerals, water – help regulate many body processes, including
metabolism
We choose foods for many other reasons beyond basic need to obtain nutrients:
o Taste and culture
o Social reasons and trends
o Cost, time, and convenience
o Habits and emotions
Many Factors Influence Your Food Choices
Food Choices
o Nutrition knowledge, trends, taste, habits, emotions, nutrients, time, cost, convenience,
culture, advertising, social reasons
What is Nutrition and Why Is Good Nutrition So Important?
Nutrition ~ science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish and affect body
functions and health
o Good nutrition plays role in reducing risk of many chronic diseases and conditions,
including heart disease, cancer, and stroke
What Are the Essential Nutrients and Why Do You Need Them?
Six classes of nutrients are all essential in diet to maintain bodily function
o Macronutrients ~ energy- yielding nutrients needed in higher amounts
▪ Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins
• Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal/gram
• Fats provide 9 kcal/gram
o Micronutrients ~ needed in smaller amounts
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▪ Vitamins and minerals
o Water: copious amounts needed daily for hydration
o Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins – provide energy
▪ One kilocalorie equals amount of eergy needed to raise temperature of 1
kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius
▪ Organic compound ~ contains carbon atoms
▪ Also contain hydrogen and oxygen atoms
▪ Proteins also contain nitrogen atoms
Carbohydrates supply glucose, a major energy source
Fats are another major fuel source; cushion organs; insulate body to maintain body temperature
Proteins provide energy but are better suited for growth and maintenance of muscles, tissues,
organs; making hormones, enzymes, healthy immune system; transporting other nutrients
Calculating Amount of Energy Food Provides
o Multiply total grams of nutrient by number of calories per gram
▪ 1 gram of carb or protein = 4 calories
▪ 1 gram of fat = 9 calories
Vitamins and minerals are essential for metabolism
o Many assist enzymes in speeding up chemical reactions in body
▪ Ex. B vitamins are coenzymes in carb and fat metabolism
o Vitamins are organic compounds that usually have to be obtained from food
o Minerals are inorganic substances → body processes and structures
Water is vital for many processes in your body
o Part of fluid medium inside and outside of cells
o Helps chemical reactions like energy production
o Helps maintain body temperature
o Key role in transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells and removing waste products
o Lubricant for joints, eyes, mouth, intestinal tract
o Protective cushion for organs
How Should You Get These Important Nutrients?
Best way to meet your nutrient needs is with well- balanced diet
o Essential nutrients from all six classes
o Well balanced diet will also include fiber and phytochemicals which have been shown to
help fight many diseases
▪ Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are rich sources
Supplement can be beneficial
o When nutrient needs are higher
▪ Ex. pregnant women need an iron supplement to meet increased needs
o When diet restrictions exist
▪ Ex. lactose- intolerant individuals (difficulty digesting milk products) may
choose calcium supplement to help meet needs
Well balanced diet and supplements are not mutually exclusive → can be partnered for good
health
How Does Average American Diet Stack Up?
High in:
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Discuss factors that influence your food choices. Differentiate between six categories of essential nutrients found in food and in the body. Understand importance of well-balanced diet in meeting your daily nutrient needs. Discuss the current nutritional state of the american diet. Understand the scientific method that is involved in nutrition research and identify reliable sources of nutrition information. We choose foods for many other reasons beyond basic need to obtain nutrients: metabolism: taste and culture, social reasons and trends, cost, time, and convenience, habits and emotions. Food choices: nutrition knowledge, trends, taste, habits, emotions, nutrients, time, cost, convenience, culture, advertising, social reasons. Nutrition ~ science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish and affect body functions and health: good nutrition plays role in reducing risk of many chronic diseases and conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Carbohydrates supply glucose, a major energy source. Fats are another major fuel source; cushion organs; insulate body to maintain body temperature.
