PSY-P 346 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Neuron, Test Cricket, Cell Membrane
PSY-P 346
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
History of Neuroscience
Areas of neuroscience
• Molecular
o What are the roles of molecules in brain function?
o How do nerve cells operate? How do they transmit information?
o Neurotransmitters, dopamine
• Cellular
o Same as molecular
o Looking at how the molecules interact with cells
• Systems
o How does the visual system represent our surroundings? How does the motor
system keep us in balance, move our eyes, or make us walk?
o Combining multiple regions of the brain to do different things
• Behavioral
o What makes us alert or sleepy? What are the effects of drugs on behavior? What
results in following this lesion
• Cognitive
o What happens in the brain when we remember something? What is the brain
doing to create consciousness?
o Thinking, memory, consciousness
• Developmental
o What happens as our brains develop? What happens when something goes
awry?
o The changes throughout growth
• Clinical
o What happens when something goes wrong
Society for Neurosciene (SfN)
• Started in 1970 (first meeting) – 1000 people
• Now – 40,000 people
Origins of Neuroscience
• The ter eurosiee is youg
• Society for Neuroscience (SfN) – established in 1969
o 1970 – 1975 ~ 500 members
o Currently ~ 40,000 members and growing
• Studying the brain is old as time
• Trepanation = the drilling of holes in the skull
Ancient Greece
• Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)
o Believed the heart is the unit
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o Correlation between structure and function
▪ Ex.) hands look different than feet
o When he saw the brain, it looked like a big radiator to him, which he considered
to be a cooling system for our body; cooled our body which supported the heart
that functioned with our feelings and actions
• Hippocrates (460 – 379 BCE)
o Brain is involved in sensation and is seat of intelligence
o Came before Aristotle
Scientific process
• Brai is seat of itelligee → Brai is ioled i oolig lood → Brai is the seat
of itelligee
The Poke Test: Galen (130 -200 CE)
• Galen: Physician that worked on animals and gladiators
o found the cerebrum and cerebellum
o Poked these two to find their functions
• Cerebrum = (soft): it ust iprit eories
• Cerebellum = (hard): it ust otrol usles
• Right Conclusion! → reasoig… maybe not so good
Ho is sesatio oduted to the rai Gale → Fluid flows through the brain
Fluids hypothesis
• All neuronal transduction done by movement of fluids
o Neurons are hollow with long thin tubes for arms. The tubes run throughout the
body; push a bunch of fluid through and make things move
o The brain has fluid filled cavities
o Conclusion: fluid flows through neurons into the cavities of the brain
o Our thought for 1500 years
Descartes (1662) asked, where is the mind?
• Believed that mind and body were separate
• Firm believer of fluid hypothesis; explains why arms and body moves but not how the
mind moves
• Thought that the mind interacted with the body through the pineal gland
• Thus began dualism
Golgi ended the rein of wrong
• Golgi stain proved that neurons are not continuous
• Its not a hollow tube that things can get pushed through
Scientific approach: late 1800s
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Document Summary
What happens when something goes awry: the changes throughout growth, clinical, what happens when something goes wrong. Society for neurosciene (sfn: started in 1970 (first meeting) 1000 people, now 40,000 people. Scientific process: (cid:862)brai(cid:374) is seat of i(cid:374)tellige(cid:374)(cid:272)e(cid:863) (cid:862)brai(cid:374) is i(cid:374)(cid:448)ol(cid:448)ed i(cid:374) (cid:272)ooli(cid:374)g (cid:271)lood(cid:863) (cid:862)brai(cid:374) is the seat of i(cid:374)tellige(cid:374)(cid:272)e(cid:863) Reaso(cid:374)i(cid:374)g maybe not so good (cid:862)ho(cid:449) is se(cid:374)satio(cid:374) (cid:272)o(cid:374)du(cid:272)ted to the (cid:271)rai(cid:374) gale(cid:374)(cid:863) fluid flows through the brain. Fluids hypothesis: all neuronal transduction done by movement of fluids, neurons are hollow with long thin tubes for arms. The tubes run throughout the body; push a bunch of fluid through and make things move: the brain has fluid filled cavities, conclusion: fluid flows through neurons into the cavities of the brain, our thought for 1500 years. Golgi ended the rein of wrong: golgi stain proved that neurons are not continuous. Its not a hollow tube that things can get pushed through.
