BIO 343 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Antibody, Protein, Antigen
BIO 343
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Immunology Chapter 1 Notes
Hayden Casassa
• Immunology-
o The study of physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their
bodies from invasion by infectious organisms
• Immunity
o Two major functions are to protect against infectious diseases by recognizing and defending us
from foreign substances
o Second function is to detect and kill mutant cells
• Edward Jenner and Vaccination
o Considered father of immunology
o Found that inoculating someone with cow pox was able to cure someone from smallpox
o Smallpox was officially eradicated due to vaccines
• Immune System protects against 4 classes of pathogens
o Bacteria—Plague, Anthrax
o Fungi—Pneumonia, Athletes Foot
o Viruses—Mumps, AIDS, Cold
o Parasites--- Malaria, Worms
o Most of these are extracellular except for viruses
▪ Viruses can be both (also intracellular)
o Antibiotics treat extracellular pathogens solely.
• 3 Major Types of Host Defenses
o Barrier Defenses
o Innate Immunity
o Adaptive or Acquired Immunity
• Barrier Defense
o “ki is the od’s fist lie of defese.
▪ Bu is’t hat kills people… it’s the infection from losing the skin as protection
o Mucosal surfaces→ Epithelial surfaces of mucosal tissues are bathed in mucous
▪ These sites come in close contact with environment so are where most pathogens enter
body
• 3 Types of Barrier Defenses
o Mechanical Barrier defense
▪ Things like cilia or flow of air or fluid. Tears, movement of mucous
o Chemical
▪ Fatty acids, low pH, antimicrobial enzymes, pulmonary surfactant, and antimicrobial
peptides
▪ Lyosozymes—enzymes effective against gram positive bacteria and break down the cell
wall.
o Microbiological
▪ Normal microbiota—The community of microbes that inhibit a particular niche
• Microbiological defenses→ Commensal bacteria
o Commensal bacteria are thousands of bacterial species that live on skin and mucosal surfaces
o Babies are born with none of this so they are susceptible to disease
o They compete with foreign pathogens for food and space.
o Before any pathogen can hurt you they have to attach to you and if that surface has
oesals peset the the a’t oup it.
o They also secrete proteins that inhibit species
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2
• Antibiotics and their effect on the body
o Antibiotic treatment can disrupt the natural ecology of the colon microbiota
o Allows pathogenic bacteria to establish themselves. What happens is that antibiotics disrupt
your microbiota. Anything that disrupts this balance leads to symptoms. Big problem is if any
bacteria damage that barrier and crosses then you have a problem.
• Innate Immunity or Natural Immunity
o Defense mechanism that acts immediately at beginning of infection and do not adapt to a
particular pathogen or generate immunological memory.
o Innate immune system often gets rid of pathogen before you even develop any systems
o Overall effect is to induce a state of inflammation
▪ First step is recognition of pathogen by receptors
▪ Second is the recruitment of destructive mechanisms to kill or eliminate the pathogen.
• Effector cells such as phagocytes do this
• “eu poteis flag pathoges fo phagote destution or do it directly
• Innate Recognition and destruction of pathogens
o Recognition → complement protein and phagocyte receptors
o Destruction→ Phagocytosis
o Let’s sa ou hae a pathoge iulatig though lood ad the ae i iatie fo alled
complement. These complement proteins covalently bind to pathogen and the complement
protein gets cleaved into two pieces. This complement fragment that flies off recruits
phagocytes to attack pathogen and only will bind to destruct complement of that type
• Inflammation→ innate protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection
o Enables cells and molecules of immune system to be brought rapidly and in large numbers to
the infected tissue.
o Classic signs are heat, redness, swelling, and pain.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
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