BIOL 101- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 21 pages long!)

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5 Oct 2017

School

Department

Course

Professor

Lafayette

BIOL 101

MIDTERM EXAM

STUDY GUIDE

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Biology 101 Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 1: Exploring Life

Biology: the scientific study of life

Living organisms: can adapt and evolve

THEME 1: Organization (a reductionist approach)

1. Biosphere: consists of all life on Earth

2. Ecosystem: consists of all living things in a particular area + nonliving components of the

environment (i.e soil, water, atmosphere gases + light)

3. Community: the array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

4. Population: consists of all the individuals of a species: (a group whose members can only

reproduce w/other organisms of a group) living within the bounds of a specified area

a. One distinct population = formed by one species of organisms

5. Organisms: individual living things

6. Organs: a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the

body (i.e. leaf, stems, roots)

a. Organs can have different tissues→ each tissue has its own function

7. Tissue: a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

a. Tissues will only have one type of cell

8. Cell: life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

a. Cell = structural and functional unit

9. Organelles: the various functional components present in cells (i.e. chloroplast;

mitochondria)

10. Molecules: a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

Systems biology: the explorations of a biological system by analyzing interactions among its

parts; bigger perspective; global view (an approach on how to study bio)→ to learn about details,

look at the bigger picture

Emergent properties: everytime you move up in the “complexity scale”, new properties will

emerge

●I.e. bicycle parts have no function, put it together and it has a function→

emergent properties

THEME 2: Information flow

*Cells store information in genetic material

●Store



 genetic info + express



 genetic info

DNA: A, T, C, G = nucleotides

Gene Expression: the entire process by which the info in a gene directs the manufacture of a

cellular product

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Genome: the entire “library” of a genetic instructions that an organism inherits; collection of

DNA of an organism

Proteomics: the study of sets of proteins and their properties

Bioinformatics: use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of

data that results from high-throughput methods

THEME 3: Energy Transfer

*Energy comes from the sun→ used by plants→ transform it into chemical energy→ used to

produce work→ used by cells

●Most energy from plants is lost as heat

●Linear transfer of energy

●Plants use chemicals from soil and reuse them (recycle them)

*Energy flows



through



 an ecosystem in one direction, usually entering as light and exiting as

heat. In contrast, chemicals cycle



within



 an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled

Climate change: a directional change to the global climate that lasts for 3 decades or more

THEME 4: Interactions

Molecular level: interaction within organisms (cells always talk, etc)

●Feedback regulation: the output or product of a process regulates that very process

(glucose = high→ cells works to bring it down) → if this is lost, the organism is

sick with a disease (regulate based on the feedback)

○Negative feedback: a loop in which the response reduces the initial

stimulus

■I.e. stop drinking because of vomiting (the more the products, the

less the response)

○Positive feedback: an end product speeds up its own production

■I.e. sun melting the icecaps

○Homeostasis: Ability to regulate (normal state)

Ecosystem level:

●Between organisms (leopard chases and eats a zebra) (worm eats a leaf)

●With the physical environment (we are cold so we put on a jacket) (eat something bad

and vomit) (I am scared so I start to run)

THEME 5: Evolution (descent with modification)

Evolution: the concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of

common ancestors

Natural Selection: the natural environment consistently “selects” for the propagation of certain

traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the populations

*Structure determines function (giraffes eat leaves from tall trees because



 they have long necks)

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BIOL 101- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 21 pages long!)

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