BIOL 1002 : Biology 1202 Test 2 Polluck
Test 2 2/7/2013 7:01:00 PM
• Phylogeny and Systematics
• Phylogenetic
• 100 million species
• When distinguishing things- is prokaryotic, what domain- Bacteria,
Eukarya, Eubacteria.
• Eukaryotic-Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes- ArcheaBacteria and Eubacteria
• Boundaries between units in the GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE are marked by
dramatic biotic change
• All life has a lot of stuff in common
• We are eukaryots, animal
• Linaus, DNA sequencing , fossil record, embryological data
• 5 Kingdom classification system in use through the late 1900’s
• Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
• Monera- Bacteria and archea: share in common both prokaryotic
cell types
• Protist, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia- Eukaryotes
• Whats bigger- prtoist or prokartoc. Protist is bigger-Eukaryotes
• Smallest living thing, prokaryote NOT PROTIST
• Protist- unicellular eukaryotes!
o Into divisions like animal like or plant like or fungal like
protest. Homologous characteristics
• Plantae- eukaryotic, multicellular, obtain nutrients by
photosynthesis
• Fungi- eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, feeds by absorbing from
environment
• Animals- multicellular, eukaryots, feed by ingestion. We eat our
food. Absorbs into bloodstream-nutrients
o Fungi, animals= hetertrophic
• Today we have the three domain system
o Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
o 5 kingdom classification system in use through the late
1900’s gave way to Woese’s 3 domains
o Ribosomal RNA is used for protein synthesis
• All living things have Dna to RNA to Proteins
• The further back to an ancestor we go, we would see more changes
• Archae and Eubacteria has similar ancestor than with the bacteria.
We are as animals in eukaryo most closely related to archea than to
bacteria
• Today the arhca, eukarya, bacteria are domains
• Should divide this first
o Protistian kingdom is obsolete!!!
o Supergroups- not something lemaus put foth in his classical
classying system
o Used to be a whole kingdom names Protista, now obsolete
o Costatly changing!!!!!
o Domain Kingdom Phylum(Division) Class Order Family Genus
Species
o Lanaius made this ^
o Domain is most include, or “life” is bigger than that
o How many species are in a single domain- tens of millions
eukaryotes
o Least inclusive( least # of species species) taxonomic
classification level, “species”
o Must give genius with the species- multiple different species
can have a species name but different genus name
o Homo sapiens- wise one. We came up with that
o TAXON (taxa) the names taxonomic units at any level in this
taxonomic hierarchy
o List the following from most inclusive to least incluse. Of the
following groups which is most, least
o Most incluse-domain
• Panthera= genus
• Parus= specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus
Panthera
• Linnaeus convinced us to use a hierarchal classification system-
very useful system- very good in suggesting evolutionary
relationships, using only homologous characters. Was very good.
And accurate.
o Showes evolutionary relationship
• Two species are more related if they share more homologies
• Darwin provided us with the mechanism by which evolution results
in descent with modification
• Darwin and Linnaeus come together and make PHYLOGENTICS-
reconstructing the evolutionary relationhips among orgnaisms
• Macroevolution and Phylogeny
• Phylogenetic tree- put them the simplest way together and who is
related to who
•
• PHYLOGENETIC TREE- these are hypothesis!!!!! Not set in stone.
Results of taking observations and then explaining those
observations in the simplest way. Hypothesized genealogy traced
back to the last common ancestor ( i.e. the most recent) through
hierarchal, dichotomous- always splits, branching
• Lines always split one to two
• Branching patterns tell you something about common ancestry
• Which of the two species are closer together more recent in time-
towards top. Cat and leopard and wolf is at bottom
• Cladistics- the principles that guide the production of phylogenetic
trees a.k.a cladograms- another word for phylo genetic tree
• Homologous characters that we could see in comparing
soecies- tetrapods
Document Summary
2/7/2013 7:01:00 pm: phylogeny and systematics, phylogenetic, 100 million species, when distinguishing things- is prokaryotic, what domain- bacteria, Protist is bigger-eukaryotes: smallest living thing, prokaryote not protist, protist- unicellular eukaryotes, into divisions like animal like or plant like or fungal like protest. Homologous characteristics: plantae- eukaryotic, multicellular, obtain nutrients by photosynthesis, fungi- eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, feeds by absorbing from environment, animals- multicellular, eukaryots, feed by ingestion. Absorbs into bloodstream-nutrients: fungi, animals= hetertrophic, today we have the three domain system, bacteria, archea, eukarya, 5 kingdom classification system in use through the late. We came up with that: taxon (taxa) the names taxonomic units at any level in this taxonomic hierarchy, list the following from most inclusive to least incluse. Of the following groups which is most, least: most incluse-domain, panthera= genus, parus= specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus.
