BIOL 1201 : Bio Exam 3
Bio exam 3
LECTURE ONE
3/8/16
How do cells reproduce?
Cells need to possess the genetic material characteristic of the
organism
• Genetic material is DNA
• The “daughter” cells need the complete genetic complement
The genetic material of prokaryotes is: circular DNA
Prokaryotes
• Circular strands of DNA
• Replicate the DNA and pass it on to the “daughter” cells
• Divide by binary fission
• Figure 12.12
Eukaryotes
• A problem
• Genetic material is found in linear chromosomes
o Linear strands of dna complexed with proteins
o Multiple chromosomes
How to insure that each daughter cell gets the complete set of
chromosomes?
• Need a mechanism to allow each daughter cell to have a copy
of each chromosome
The solution
• A process call mitosis
Cell Division: Mitosis
• Reproduction
• Growth
• Repair
Somatic Cells
• All body cells except cells which give rise to gametes
Chromosomes
• A complex of linear DNA and protein
• Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number
• Found in nucleus
Chromatin
• Long and linear strand of dna and complexed proteins
Duplicated chromosomes
• Consist of two sister chromatids
• Identical copies of DNA
• Attached at a specialized region called the centromere
How many centromeres per chromosome? 1
how many centromeres per chromosome consisting of 2 sister
chromatids? 1
Figure 12.6
Majority of cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2)
Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• Mitotic phase
o Mitosis
o Cytokinesis
Interphase
• Generally 90% of the cell cycle
• Gap 1 (G1)
o Synthesis of cell components
• S phase
o Synthesis (replication) of DNA
o Doubling of the genetic material
• Gap 2 (G2)
o Centrioles replicate in animal cells
o Structure for cytokinesis put in place
Figure 6.24
Centrioles
• In animals
• 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
• found in the centrosome
o a region from which microtubules grow out
• help organize microtubule growth
o but centrioles are not necessary
o most plants lack centrioles
What does a centriole resemble? ……..
Document Summary
Cells need to possess the genetic material characteristic of the organism: genetic material is dna, the daughter cells need the complete genetic complement. The genetic material of prokaryotes is: circular dna. Prokaryotes: circular strands of dna, replicate the dna and pass it on to the daughter cells, divide by binary fission, figure 12. 12. Eukaryotes: a problem, genetic material is found in linear chromosomes, linear strands of dna complexed with proteins, multiple chromosomes. How to insure that each daughter cell gets the complete set of chromosomes: need a mechanism to allow each daughter cell to have a copy of each chromosome. Somatic cells: all body cells except cells which give rise to gametes. Chromosomes: a complex of linear dna and protein, each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number, found in nucleus. Chromatin: long and linear strand of dna and complexed proteins. Duplicated chromosomes: consist of two sister chromatids, identical copies of dna, attached at a specialized region called the centromere.