ENVS 4101 : Chem 4104 Exam 1 Study Guide
Document Summary
Layering- heat from the sun and changing seasons cause water in large lakes to stratify or form layers. In winter, the ice cover stays at 0 c (32 f) and the water remains warmer below the ice than in the air above. In the spring turnover, warmer water rises as the surface heats up. In fall, surface waters cool, become denser and descend as heat is lost from the surface. In summer, stratification is caused by a warming of surface waters, which form a distinct layer called the epilimnion. This is separated from the cooler and denser waters of the hypolimnion by the thermocline, a layer of rapid temperature transition. Turnover distributes oxygen annually throughout most of the lakes. Acidity is the capacity to neutralize oh, rainwater that is unpolluted should be slightly acidic. Speciation: as you increase the ph the species of carbon changes.
