PSYC 3082 : Study Guide Exam 2
CHAPTER 9 – EATING DISORDERS.
1) Anorexia Nervosa
a) What are the two types and the differences between them? Restricting type: losing weight by restricting nearly
all food
Binge-eating/purging: vomiting post meal, abusing laxatives, or engaging in excessive exercise
b) Is it more common in males or females? 90-95% cases are females
c) At what age is it most likely to begin? 14-18
d) What are the symptoms of the disorder? Dietary restrictions, preoccupation with food, distorted thinking,
e) What are the cognitive features? Low opinion of their body shape and overestimation of proportions, they have
maladaptive attitudes and misperceptions
f) What medical problems may occur? amenorrhea(when they stop getting their period), low body temperature,
low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone density, slow heart rate, imbalances, dry skin, brittle nails,
poor circulation, fuzz hair.
2) Bulimia Nervosa
a) What are the symptoms? Bouts of uncontrollable eating followed by compensatory behaviors
b) How is it different from Binge-Eating Disorder? They use compensatory behaviors to “undo” their actions
c) What is a binge? Bouts of uncontrollable overeating, eating massive amounts of food rapidly with little chewing
consuming usually more than 1000 calories at a time, followed by extreme tension
d) What are compensatory behaviors? Trying to “undo” the effects, vomiting, misusing diuretics, laxatives, or
enemas, fasting, and exercising excessively.
3) How are the different eating disorders related to one another? How are they different from one another? Similar:
onset after diet, drive to be thin, fear of being obese, substance abuse, preoccupation with food, distorted body
perception, disturbed attitudes toward food. Differences: bulimics are more worried about pleasing others, only half
of women with bulimia have amenorrhea whereas almost all women with anorexia have it, also people with bulimia
suffer damage from purging
4) What are the causes of Eating Disorders?
a) Understand the Psychodynamic: brush theory-effective vs ineffective parenting saying that eating disorders are
a result of disturbed mother child interactions, Cognitive: disproportionate concerns about body shape and
weight, and Biological Factors: identical anorexic twins 70% fraternal anorexic twins 20% identical bulimic twins
23% fraternal bulimic twins 9 % may be related to serotonin. Dysfunction in the hypothalamus, messed up set
point.
b) How are Mood Disorders related? They set the stage for eating disorders (depression)
c) Understand the role of societal pressures. Western standard for female attractiveness, prejudice to larger
people
d) Understand the role of Family Environment (enmeshed family patterns). ½ families with these have a long
history of emphasizing thinness. Enmeshed family patterns led to eating disorders.
e) What re some multicultural factors and racial/ethnic differences. Young black women are more positive than
white women, although the trend is decreasing now. Hispanics are equal with white women. Males are only 10%
men are more likely to work out women diet. Men have reverse anorexia or muscle dysmorphobia.
5) How are Eating Disorders treated? TWO main goals: Correct dangerous eating patterns and address broader
psychological factors that led to the eating problem.
a) Specifics for Anorexia Nervosa: regain weight, recover malnourishment, eating normally. Combo therapy but
overcoming underlying issues is a must for long lasting achievement.
b) Specifics for Bulimia Nervosa: eliminate bingepurge, est good eating, eliminate underlying cause of bulimic
patterns. Interpersonal therapy is used, psychodynamic therapy as well. Antidepressant meds. Relapses are
triggered by stress
CHAPTER 10 – SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS
6) Terms to know: substance abuse: reliance on drug excessively/chronically, damaging relationships, affecting work
functioning, and putting themselves in danger. substance dependence: person abuses drug and centers his or her
life around it, aka Addiction tolerance: need increasing doses to feel the effect. Withdrawal: unpleasant dangerous
symptoms when use of drug is stopped delirium tremens: dangerous fatal withdrawal symptom Korsakoff’s
syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome: when a mother drinks during pregnancy.
7) Depressants – primary examples: Alcohol, Sedative-Hypnotic drugs, Opiods
a) Alcohol
i) What is considered binge drinking? 5 or more drinks at once
ii) What happens when someone is under the influence of alcohol in the short term? Helps GABA shut down
neurons and relax drinker, affects judgment and inhibition then the CNS impairing judgment and function.
What about in the long term? Damage to physical health(liver), destroys families/careers/relationships,
nutritional problems.
iii) How does alcohol get out of one’s system (metabolized) average rate of 25% of an ounce per hour the liver
metabolizes the alcohol, and you can’t speed this up at all. Also alcohol is broken down in the stomach by
alcohol dehydrogenase (an enzyme)
b) Sedative-Hypnotics – also called anxiolytics
i) Barbiturates – what are they and what do they do? Produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness they are
rougher on the body and they affect the awake center causing sleepiness and can cause
death/dependence/abuse. The lethal dose remains the same
ii) Benzodiazapines – what are they and what do they do? Relieve anxiety without the drowsiness.
c) Opiods (natural and synthetic compounds) Narcotics
i) Know about opium, morphine, and heroin. Smoked, inhaled, injected by needle.
ii) Understand how they work (endorphins) Brings on a “rush” followed by several hours of high “nod”
iii) Know about Heroin Abuse, Dependence, and what contributes to the danger of an overdose. Exemplifies
problems posed by opiods, after just a few weeks they are caught in abuse and dependence. Many turn to
criminal activity just to support their growing habit
8) Stimulants – Cocaine, Amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine
a) Cocaine – know about this drug and the dangers of abuse and dependence. Most powerful natural stimulant
known. Euphoric rush that stimulate CNS and decreases appetite by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine,
and dopamine at key receptors. May lead to daily abuse and the greatest danger is the risk of OVERDOSE it can
cause heart failure
b) Amphetamines – know some types, how they work, and the dangers. Increase energy and alertness and lower
appetite when taken in small does. Produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis in high doses. Tolerance develops
quickly
9) Hallucinogens, Cannabis, and Combinations
a) Hallucinogens –produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes. synesthesia: an effect that causes
different senses to cross. Psychedelic drugs that produce powerful changes in sensory perceptions (“trips”)
Users may have a “bad trip” or “flashbacks”. LSD is the most famous and powerful within two hours of ingestion
it brings on state of hallucinogen intoxication.
b) Cannabis – what is the most often cited active ingredient? THC
i) How can it be dangerous in the short term? May cause panic, implicates accidents, linked to poor
concentration and impaired memory. After long term use? May cause respiratory problems and lung
cancer and affect reproduction (inhibits sperm or blocks ovulation)
ii) Cannabis and the law- respected role in medicine but the use fell out and was criminalized. US federal
government still fights the issue.
c) Combinations of substances (synergistic effect)
i) What happens when someone combines drugs with similar actions- synergistic effect occurs they depress
the CNS and may lead to death EX. Alcohol, barbs, benzo, opiods
ii) What happens when someone combines drugs with opposite/antagonistic actions- build up lethal levels of
the drugs because of metabolic issues EX stimulants/cocaine with alc/barbs
iii) What are the dangers of taking different types of drugs at the same time?
iv) What are polysubstance-related disorders? Alcohol and pills
10) What are the causes of Substance-Related Disorders
a) Know about the different perspectives Sociocultural: higher rates of unemployment correlate with higher rates
of alcohol use Psychodynamic: caused by a lack of parental nurturing Cognitive Behavioral: operant
conditioning may play a key role in development and maintenance of abuse, releasing “stress” or tension, SELF
MEDICICATION. Biological: genetic predisposition
b) How do we know there is a genetic component to etiology? Adoption studies showed that by adulthood those
whose biological parents were dependent showed higher rates of alcohol use themselves.
11) How are Substance-Related Disorders treated?
a) Know about the different approaches concerning the different perspectives: Psychodynamic: uncover and
resolve underlying needs and conflicts they believe lead to the disorder, not found to be effective. Behavioral:
Aversion therapy: classical conditioning, repeatedly presenting the drug with an unpleasant stimulus to make
them lose craving for it. Covert sensitization: requires people with alcoholism to imagine extremely upsetting,
repulsive or frightening scenes while they are drinking it should produce negative responses to the liquor.
Effective short term. Cognitive-Behavioral: behavioral self control training and relapse prevention training
teaching them to plan ahead and keep track of the problem. Biological: detoxification which is systematic and
medically supervised gradual withdrawal from a drug while blocking symptoms. Antagonist drugs: aid to resist
temptations they block or change the effects of the drug. Drug Maintenance therapy: drug related lifestyle may
be a greater problem than the drugs effects provides a safe substitute for the drug example methadone for
heroin. Sociocultural: selfhelp programs, culture and gender sensitive, and community prevention programs. EX
AA.
b) The most effective approach to substance disorders is to prevent them
Chapter 11: SEXUAL DISORDERS AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER
12) Sexual Dysfunctions – problems with sexual responses: understand normal sexual response cycle
a) Disorders of Desire – urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction to others
i) What is hypoactive sexual desire disorder? Lack of interest in sex and little sexual activity 16%male 33%
women
ii) What is sexual aversion disorder? Find sex distinctly unpleasant or repulsive it sickens, disgusts, or frightens
them. It is rare in men, more common in women.
iii) CAUSES: Biological: abnormalities in hormones, long term illness, medication, psychotropic drugs, and illegal
drugs. Psychological: increased anxiety, depression, or anger, fears, attitudes or memories, OCD or
Depression EX. How many condoms to not get germs Sociocultural: attitudes and fears in social context,
divorce/death/job/stress/etc, cultural standards, sexual molestation trauma
b) Disorders of Excitement – marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in
heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing. EX men is erection and women is swelling of
clitoris and labia and vaginal lubrication.
i) What is female sexual arousal disorder? Repeated inability to maintain proper lubrication or genital
swelling during sex. More than 10% women experience this. Tied to orgasmic
Document Summary
Restricting type: losing weight by restricting nearly all food. Similar: onset after diet, drive to be thin, fear of being obese, substance abuse, preoccupation with food, distorted body perception, disturbed attitudes toward food. 23% fraternal bulimic twins 9 % may be related to serotonin. They set the stage for eating disorders (depression: understand the role of societal pressures. Western standard for female attractiveness, prejudice to larger people: understand the role of family environment (enmeshed family patterns). Families with these have a long history of emphasizing thinness. Enmeshed family patterns led to eating disorders: what re some multicultural factors and racial/ethnic differences. Young black women are more positive than white women, although the trend is decreasing now. Males are only 10% men are more likely to work out women diet. Two main goals: correct dangerous eating patterns and address broader psychological factors that led to the eating problem: specifics for anorexia nervosa: regain weight, recover malnourishment, eating normally.
