SOCL 2001 : Study Guide Exam 3 With Answers
Study Guide: Exam 3, Chapters 10-14 Friday May 4th
Race, Ethnicity and Ethnic Group
Apartheida formal system of racial segregation.
Patterns of Dominant-Minority Group Relations
Cthe subordinate status of groups who are treated unequally within a
nationSthe physical and social separation of dominant and minority
groups.Athe process of conforming to the culture of the dominant
group.
Racism, Prejudice, attitude, positive or negative, toward people
because of their group membership. an act that treats people unequally
or unfairly because of their group membership
Stereotypoversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a
category of people
Ethnocentrismbelief that one’s own culture, society, or group is
inherently superior to others
Scapegoats
Contact Hypothesistthe idea that the more ppl get to know members
of a minority group personally, less prejudice
Miscegenationmarriage or sexual relations between members of
different races
GovernmentA formal organization that has the authority to make and
enforce lawsMaintains orderProvides social servicesRegulates the
economyEstablishes educational systems
Politicssocial process through which individuals and groups acquire
and exercise power
Powerability of a person or group to affect the behavior of others
despite resistance
Authority (tradit, charismatic, rational-legal, mixed)
Types of Political SystemsAuthoritarianism—a political system in
which the state controls the lives of its citizens but permits some degree
of individual freedomMonarchy—authoritarian regime in which power
is based on heredityTotal-Government controls everything(dicto)
Political Party organization that tries to influence and control
government by recruiting, nominating, and electing members
Special-Interest Groupvoluntary and organized ass. of ppl that
attemps to influence public policy and policy makers
Lobbyistrepresentative of a special interest group who tries to
influence political decisions on the group’s behalf
PACspecial interest groups set up to raise money to elect candidates to
public office
Pluralismpolitical system in which power is equal ingrps
Power Elitemade up of political leaders, business leaders, and military
chiefs.
Economysocial institution that determines how a society produces,
distributes, and consumes goods and services
Workphysical or mental activity that accomplishes or produces
something, either goods or services
Capitalismeconomic system in which wealth is in private hands and is
invested and reinvested to produce profitPrivate ownership of
propertyCompetitionProfit
Investment
Monopoly person or company controls a particular market
Oligopolymarket dominated by a few large suppliers
Socialismeconomic and political system based on the principle of the
public ownership of the production of goods and servicesCollective
ownership of propertyCooperationNo profit motiveCollective goals
Communismpoli econ sys all members are equal
GlobalizationAdvIncreases economic freedom; creates jobs; provides
affordable goods and services
DisadExploits poor workers; spreads pollution; destroys cultures and
habitat
Corporationsoc. Entity that has legal rights,priv and liabilities aport
from those of its members
Conglomerategiant corporation that owns a collection of companies in
different industriesAcquire companies through mergers.
Interlocking Directorate same people serve on the boards of directors
of several companies or corporationsA relatively few people control the
corporations and industries.
Transnational Corporation large business that is based in one country
but operates across international boundariesmultinational or
international corporationsThese corporations can avoid trade tariffs,
bypass environmental laws, and pay low wages.
Transnational ConglomerateOwn a collection of different industries
in a number of countries.very small number of corporations and
interlocking directorates hold most of the global economic power.
Deindustrializationprocess of social and economic change due to the
reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing
OffshoringSending out work or jobs to another country to cut a
company’s costs at home
How Americans’ Work has Changed (Contingent Workers,
Downsizing, Discouraged Workers, Underemployed)
Family
Incest Tabooensest yasak aqa
Marriage mating relationship(stable,enduring)
Endogamy vs Exogamypractice of selecting mates from within one’s
group/ practice of selecting mates from outside one’s group
Nuclear vs Extendedpractice of selecting mates from outside one’s
group/parents and children and other kin, like grandparents
Residence Patterns (Matrilocal, Patrilocal, Neolocal)newly married
couple lives with the wife’s family
Boomerang Generationyoung adults move back into their parents’
home or never leave it
Family Systems (Matrilocal, Patrilocal, Egalitarian)
Marriage Marketcourtship process where people compare assets and
liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate
Monogamy—one person is married exclusively to another
personPolygamy—a man or woman has two or more spouses
Polygyny—one husband, two or more womenPolyandry—one wife,
two or more men
DivorceNo-fault divorce—neither party must establish guilt
InfidelityConflictCommunication patternsSubstance abuse
Financial problemsAbuse
Step-Familyhousehold where 2 adults are biological or adoptive
parents, with a child from a prior relationship, who marry/cohabit
Cohabitationunrelated unmarried individuals live together and have a
sexual relationship
Dual-Earner Couplesboth partners are employed outside the
homeSecond shift—household work and childcare employed parents
(usually the mother) must do
Fictive KinNonrelatives who are accepted as part of a familiy
Family Conflict and Violence (Intimate Partner Violence, Child
Maltreatment, Elder Abuse physical, sexual, oremotional./ includes
behaviors that place a child at serious risk or result in serious
harm./physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, neglect, financial
exploitation, isolation, and deprivation of necessities
Gerontologistsscientists who study aging657484
Life Expectancy
Sandwich Generationppl in mid generation w care for own child and
aging parents.
Activity theory proposes that older people who remain engaged in
roles and activities are better adjusted and satisfied.Exchange theory
suggests that people seek to minimize costs and maximize rewards in
their relationships.Continuity theory posits that older adults can
substitute new roles for those they have lost.
Ageism disc of elder ppl
Education vs Schoolingsocial institution transmits attitudes,
knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills through formal training/
formal training and instruction in a classroom
(IQ)index individual’s performance on a standardized test
Hidden CurriculumTransmits nonacademic knowledge, values,
attitudes, norms, and beliefsObedience, following directions, and
punctuality. (lower income schools)Leadership, creativity, and people
skills. (elite private schools)
Credentialismrefers to the increasing demand for certificates and
degrees.Use in maintaining social class distinctions
Trackingstreaming, ability grouping) assigning students to specific
educational programs and classesSometimes based on stereotypes and
results in labelingTracking creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.
VouchersPublicly funded payments toward tuition and fees at students’
schools of choicePros: provide parents with more options; level the
playing fieldCons: divert resources from public education; violate
separation of church and state
Charter SchoolsSelf-governing public schools that have an agreement
with the state to improve students’ educationPros: reduce bureaucratic
red tape; provide innovative teachingCons: can avoid accountability;
drain resources from other public schools; are more racially segregated
Magnet SchoolPublic schools that offer students a distinctive program
and specialized curriculumPros: mix diverse students with common
interestsCons: enrollment is limited
HomeschoolingTeaching in the home as an alternative to enrolling
students in a public or private schoolData are mixed on the success
ratesIncreasingly, parents who home-school are white, wealthy, and
well-educated.
Document Summary
Study guide: exam 3, chapters 10-14 friday may 4th. Cthe subordinate status of groups who are treated unequally within a nationsthe physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups. athe process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group. Racism, prejudice, attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their group membership. an act that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. Stereotypoversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a category of people. Ethnocentrismbelief that one"s own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others. Contact hypothesistthe idea that the more ppl get to know members of a minority group personally, less prejudice. Miscegenationmarriage or sexual relations between members of different races. Governmenta formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce lawsmaintains orderprovides social servicesregulates the economyestablishes educational systems. Politicssocial process through which individuals and groups acquire and exercise power. Powerability of a person or group to affect the behavior of others despite resistance.
