BIO 131 Study Guide - Final Guide: Sustainable Agriculture, Potato, Seta

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lilacgnu283

12 Dec 2016

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The word used to describe the practice of assigning a purpose for no reason for existence to things in nature:! The publication of science experiments in peer-reviewed journals is important b/c:! Then others can see the results and expand on them, leading to more scientific questions. How can a theory be useful in understanding the natural world? they can predict outcomes. It is not possible for a hypothesis to not be falsifiable. All hypotheses are falsifiable in that at any point in time things can change and new discoveries can be made that could then disprove any hypothesis. The word that should never be used in science:! The characteristics of science:: it"s as unbiased as possible, experiments should be properly replicated, its falsifiable, experiments should be properly designed. The study of the natural world in a structured and unbiased way that seeks to determine why things are they way they are.

Related Questions

LABROTORY FORMAT/SCIENCE EXPERIMENT GUIDELINES:

This is an example from my professor. The actual experiment can be anything related to science, of course. I'm having trouble coming up with an experiment. It doesn't have to be a "textbook" type of experiment, as you will see the example given from my professor. My professor is silly and laid back regarding assignments, but he wants us to understand the process/guidelines for writing up a science experiment. These are the notes that were given in class; I'm hoping someone can help, according to my outline, please and thank you! This is for A&P BIO I.

Title: "Measuring Enzymic Activity at Different Temperatures" (Should catch the attention of the reader, will be the deciding factor in who will read it) Professors Example: âIts fun to Hang out with a Monkeyâ -Dr. Sweenys Story (Title should be Fancy, and appealing)

Hypothesis: What do you believe? "I Believe Dr. Sweenys Uncle is a Monkey."

Introduction: Prove Hypothesis Right. Why, explain with proof.

Materials: What did you use? Tree, banana, timer, Dr. Sweeny, monkey.

Methods: Describe what you did with the materials.

Result: Proof - Dr. Sweent climbed tree at "x" pace, and so did the monkey.

Discussion/Conclusion: âDr. Sweeny showed that he had memory of being able to climb trees at nearly the same pace as the monkey, so his uncle was a monkey, similar characteristics. If Dr. Sweeny could not do this, then there is no proof his uncle is a monkey.

Acknowledgement: Thank "so & so" for helping; doctor, peers in class, etc.

Resources: Internet reference, Refer to notebook, Textbook page # and title, or lecture notes.

*MAKE IT LOOK ATTRACTIVE, APPEALING, AND SOUND INTELLIGENT!

**1 Page (Front & Back) Typed! 12 pt. Font (Times New Roman). Double Spaced.

Question 1

Evolutionary algorithms are used:

In engineering, to arrive at solutions by going through many permutations of possible solutions and allowing them to evolve.

A genetic feature of complex organisms.

A process undergone by the human brain, which is similar to evolution by natural selection.

Another term used for a computer algorithm in general.

Question 2

Human literature and languages can be studied using methods similar to those used for constructing phylogenies because:

There is no other way of studying these things.

Languages evolve roughly along the lines of species, with mutations (changes in words and pronunciation), descent with modification (languages becoming more different along the way), and branching of languages (languages giving rise to other languages that are similar to them).

Because literature and languages are constructed by organisms (human beings), so what applies to one must apply to the other.

Languages undergo a process of word swapping, which is analogous to horizontal gene transfer.

Question 3

The degree to which horizontal gene transfer occurs in eukaryotes is:

Something upon which the entire validity of evolutionary biology hinges.

A mystery that may or may not disprove evolution, but we simply don't know enough about it at this point.

Something that would overthrow the notion that this phenomenon is important in bacteria.

An interesting and potentially important aspect of biology with relevance for how evolution occurs, but not something that would call it into question one way or the other.

Question 4

Learning about the history of scientific theories and the reasons for why they are initially accepted or rejected is important mostly because:

It makes for exciting story telling, and this is very much needed to get people interested in science.

It teaches us about the process of science as it actually occurs, which is somewhat different to the idealized notion of a purely objective undertaking.

It tells us which theories are definitely true or false.

It tells us that science is actually a totally subjective process that tries to present itself as objective. In reality, personal subjective factors are the only relevant factors that really matter in science.

mauvemammoth554

Read the following passage focusing your attention on the scientific procedures and scientific abilities illustrated in it. Think about what types of experiments (observation, testing or application) are described. Identify the hypothesis, predictions, outcomes of experiments and assumptions that appear in the passage. The standard explanation of how humans originally acquired AIDS is that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) originally was transmitted to humans from monkeys or apes carrying SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus. How could the transmission have occurred? Several similar hypotheses involve an African hunter coming in contact with monkey blood. For example this could have occurred when a hunter butchering a monkey, got some of its blood in a cut, or when a human ate undercooked monkey meat, or when a monkey bit a human. Depending on one's assessment of the genetic diversity of HIV over time, this transmission might have occurred only a few decades ago or, alternatively, hundreds or thousands of years ago. If the latter is correct then AIDS could have been restricted to remote African villages until recent decades when trade and international travel led to the current pandemic. There are however other alternative explanations for the spread of AIDS. One of them is that AIDS arose from contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa from 1957-59. Why is this a plausible explanation? Polio vaccines are cultured on apesâ kidneys, so contamination of a batch of vaccine by an SIV is a possibility. There is a precedent: in the 1950s and early 1960s millions of doses of polio vaccine were contaminated by another simian virus, SV-40. The vaccine alleged to be the origin of AIDS was given to hundreds of thousands of people in central and west Africa from 1957-1959. These locations later had some of the world's highest levels of HIV infection. The timing is also right, since the earliest known cases of AIDS date from the 1960s; the earliest HIV-positive blood sample was collected in Kinshasa in 1959. At the time, there was no way of testing for the presence of SIVs, which were only discovered in the 1980s. Another factor adds plausibility to the theory: the vaccine was given to many infants less than a month old, in an extra high dose. Since the immune systems of infants are not fully developed, this is an excellent way to help a virus jump the species barrier. Some scientists argue that the above explanation is not necessarily correct but that it is worth taking seriously. There are a number of ways to test it. One is to analyze stocks of polio vaccine; if the explanation is correct, then it is probable that some of the vaccines will carry SIV. Another is to scrutinize records of early polio vaccination campaigns in Africa. If it is true that the immunodeficiency virus passed to humans by way of those vaccines, the areas where the campaigns took place would be the same as those where the initial sprouts of the disease occurred and where the larger number of cases occurred during the early stages of the pandemic. Another is to analyze blood samples in Africa from the 1950s and earlier (pre polio vaccination): if the immunodeficiency virus was transmitted via the polio vaccine, HIV should not be found. Adapted from âPolitical refutation of a scientific theory: the case of polio vaccines and the origin of AIDSâ. Brian Martin, published in Health Care Analysis, Vol. 6, 1998, pp. 175-179. Now reread the passage and answer the following questions.

5. For each experiment, write an outcome that would disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines.

6. What outcomes of the experiments would fail to disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines?explain.

7.What outcomes would prove the hypothesis? Hint: This is not the same as question 6. Think about what would you need to do to 100% prove a hypothesis.

8. For what reasons do scientists need to conduct testing experiments?