KNH 188 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Clinical Trial, Heart Rate
28 Jun 2018
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KNH EXAM 1 Review Guide:
Epidemiology
Epidemiology – the study of the distribution of a disease
Identify risk factors that cause illness
Change the risk factors to reduce illness
Key Players:
Hippocrates – the father of medicine, first epidemiologist
Recorded the relationship of living conditions and disease, including excerise
and eating habit
Promoted daily exercise to prevent disease
Herodecus – the important of vigorous exercise and therapeutic gymnastics, father
of sports medicine
Dudly Sargent – promoted daily exercise to increase fitness and health
Fitness testing on Theodore Roosevelt
Promoted exercise with male and female
Jermey Morris – 1st person to analyze cardiovascular disease
Started his study with the double decker buses in London, the conductors
worked harder than the drivers, also did the London postal service
The harder the work the better the health
Ken Cooper – father of the aerobic exercise “with oxygen”
Developed the cooper and point test
Ralph Paffenbager – study polio
Steven Blair – clinical research
Dwight Eisenhower – Presidents fitness club
Hitchcock – thought fitness was important in schools
LaLane – brought fitness into the living room televisions
Terms:
Incidence – new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a given
population during a particular time
Prevalence – the number of existing cases of a disease or a condition in a
given population at specific time
oIncludes both incidence and duration
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Crude rate - based on total population alone
Specific rate - calculated separately for subgroups such as sex, age, race
Standardized rate - adjusts to subgroups to form a standard population,
instead of the population as a whole
Independent variable – a fluctuating factor that is associated with the
outcome
Dependent variable – the change or outcome
Observational design – the outcome occurs naturally
Experimental design – the change in the independent variable is manipulated
by the researchers
Research Study Designs – aim to group and compare participants depending
on certain behaviors, time, health conditions
oThis is used to prove cause and effect
Cross-Section Surveys: risk factors and the existence of the disease are measured at
the same time. EX: people who are inactive may have high blood pressure
ADV: help formulate a hypothesis, can assess prevalence of risk in specific
population, easy to conduct, quick findings
DIS: the hypothesis can not be tested, don’t show cause and effect
relationship
Case-Control Study Group: a group who already has existing disease is matched with
a group that doesn’t have the disease. EX: women who have breast cancer are
compared to women of the same age and region who don’t have high blood pressure
ADV: study multiply risk factors, helpful to study rare events, easy and
inexpensive
DIS: cannot determine absolute risk factor, recall bias
Prospective Cohort: a group of people are selected at random from a specific
population known as a cohort, baseline information is collected on potential risk
factor, subjects are followed around and track the incidence for those who are
exposed and unexposed to the risk factors of the disease.
ADV: can measure absolute risk, risk factors establish first, can study
unplanned diseases, changes in factors over time
DIS: costly, time-consuming, results can be biased if too many cases aren’t
followed up
Randomized Control Trial: experimental, the golden standard for testing a
hypothesis, participants are selected in put into either a manipulated or controlled
group, participants don’t know what group they are in, results are tested before and
after to determine differences
ADV: researcher has control, test hypothesis
DIS: expensive, time-consuming, generalization is limited, lack of compliance
and drop out rate of participants, not effective for studying physical activity
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Epidemiology the study of the distribution of a disease. Change the risk factors to reduce illness. Hippocrates the father of medicine, first epidemiologist. Recorded the relationship of living conditions and disease, including excerise and eating habit. Herodecus the important of vigorous exercise and therapeutic gymnastics, father of sports medicine. Dudly sargent promoted daily exercise to increase fitness and health. Jermey morris 1st person to analyze cardiovascular disease. Started his study with the double decker buses in london, the conductors worked harder than the drivers, also did the london postal service. The harder the work the better the health. Ken cooper father of the aerobic exercise with oxygen . Hitchcock thought fitness was important in schools. Lalane brought fitness into the living room televisions. Incidence new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a given population during a particular time.
