ISS 210 Study Guide - Final Guide: Paramount Chief, Neolithic, Forensic Anthropology
12 Jun 2018
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Terms:
Symbiosis: Mutually advantageous association of two different species
● Also known as mutualism
● Domesticated species rely on humans for care/reproduction, humans rely
on domesticates for subsistence
Çatalhöyük, Turkey:
● 10,000 years ago
● Series of mud brick houses built side-by-side
● Largest community known at this time
● Had shrine rooms with decorated animal skulls and figurines
● Religious “cult” may have been focused on the “Mother Goddess”
● Burials built under floors of the house
The Neolithic at Franchthi: beginning of Neolithic is 6000-5000 BC
● Early neolithic: fully domesticated animals (sheep and goats)
● Domesticated plants (lentils, wheat, and barley)
● New technologies: bone tools like fish hooks and awls
● Trade wars: obsidian which jumps from 10 to 40% of the stone tool
assemblage
● Ground stone axes for clearing forests
● Painted fancy pottery was very rare
● Less food, more domestic animals: goats/sheep, cows, pigs
● Abandoned at 3000 BC due to rising sea levels
Cultigens: A plant that is wholly dependant on humans: a domesticate
Cultivar: wild plants fostered by human efforts to make them more productive
forensic anthropology
Plow: a large farming implement with one or more blades fixed in a frame, drawn by a
tractor or by animals and used for cutting furrows in the soil and turning it over,
especially to prepare for the planting of seeds
Tribes:
● Tribes have a horticultural, pastoral economy, equestrian foraging, and
rich aquatic foraging societies
● Organized by village life and/or descent-group membership
● More complex than bands, more people
● Village Headman: lead through his powers of persuasion rather than a
clear authority to enforce his decisions
● Small scale warfare or inter-village raiding is commonly found
● Pan-tribal organization in sodalities (fraternity or brotherhood)
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● BIG MAN; like a village head, but his authority is regional in that he may
have influence over more than one village
○ Can mobilize supporters from several villages for produce and labor
(raids and management of summer bison hunting)
Bands: An association of families living together rarely exceeding a few dozen
individuals - typical of foragers
● Loosely allied by marriage, descent, friendship and common interest
● Primary integrating mechanism is kinship ties (Kin networks, both real and
fake are created and maintained through marriage, trade and visiting)
● Membership changes every year
● No economic class differentiation: egalitarian, in that all difference in
status are achieved
● Leaders have very limited and temporary power, no formal laws
Chiefdoms: transitional form of sociopolitical organization between tribes and states
● Chief: full time leader with real authority to make major decisions for their
societies
● Advisory council, no bureaucracy of professional administrators
● Paramount chief and lesser chiefs who do administrative functions
○ Ranked society: chief is at the top
○ Other people are commonly ranked in terms of their genealogical distance
from the chief
○ Office: a permanent position of authority that exists independently of the
person who occupies it
State level societies: Social classes; citizenship; monopoly on force; administrative
institutions; bureaucracy
● State: many communities, centralized government with the power to
collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and decree and enforce laws
● Archaic states: Authoritarian kingdoms when their populations grew tens
of thousand of people
○ Population control: fixing boundaries, establishing citizenship, and
the taking of a census
○ Judiciary: laws, legal procedure, and judges
○ Enforcement: permanent military and police forces
○ Fiscal: taxation
Narmer Palette: depicting the first king to have ruled over the whole of Egypt (3100 BC)
Nation state:
● Larger permanent bureaucracies
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Symbiosis: mutually advantageous association of two different species. Domesticated species rely on humans for care/reproduction, humans rely on domesticates for subsistence. Series of mud brick houses built side-by-side. Had shrine rooms with decorated animal skulls and figurines. Religious cult may have been focused on the mother goddess . Burials built under floors of the house. The neolithic at franchthi: beginning of neolithic is 6000-5000 bc. Early neolithic: fully domesticated animals (sheep and goats) New technologies: bone tools like fish hooks and awls. Trade wars: obsidian which jumps from 10 to 40% of the stone tool assemblage. Less food, more domestic animals: goats/sheep, cows, pigs. Abandoned at 3000 bc due to rising sea levels. Cultigens: a plant that is wholly dependant on humans: a domesticate. Cultivar: wild plants fostered by human efforts to make them more productive forensic anthropology. Tribes have a horticultural, pastoral economy, equestrian foraging, and rich aquatic foraging societies. Organized by village life and/or descent-group membership.
