Chapter 1: Intoduction 04/09/2014
I. Sustainable Environment: allows humans to survive without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs
II. Plant Biology Specialties
i. Plant cell biology
ii. Plant Anatomy : cells and tissues
iii. Plan t morphology: structure of plant parts
iv. Plan t physiology: how plants function, processes
v. Plan t Genetics
vi. Plan t ecology: interrelationships among plants with each other and their environment
vii. Plan t systematics: evolutionary relationships
viii. Plan t taxonomy: description, naming, and classification
ix. Paleobotany : biology and evolution
III. Domain Bacteria
i. Kingdom Bacteria
IV. Domain Archaea
i. Kingdom Archaea
V. Domain Eukarya
i. Kingdom Protista
i. Kingdom Plantae
ii. Kingdom Anamalia
iii. Kingdom Fungi Chapter 2: Chemical composition of cells 04/09/2014
I. Types of Bonds
i. Ionic Bond: force of attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions
ii. Covalent Bond : forms when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons to complete their energy levels
iii. Hydrogen bond : a weak attraction between a slightly positive H atom in one molecule and a
slightly negative atom in another molecule
iv. Nonpolar Covalent : electrons shared equally
v. Polar Covalen t: electrons shared unequally
II. Inorganic Compounds: composed of elements other than carbon
i. Ex.: Water, acids, bases
III. Organic compounds: contain carbon and (usually) hydrogen
i. Ex.: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
IV. Cohesion: the tendency of like molecules to adhere
V. Adhesion: the tendency of unlike molecules to adhere
VI. Acid: compound that dissociates in a soluation to form H+ and negatively charged ions
i. Strong dissociate completely
ii. Weak dissociate slightly
Base: dissociates in water to produce negatively charged OH- ions and positively charged
ions Chapter 3: Plant cells 04/09/2014
I. Prokaryotes: lack nuclei
II. Eukaryotes: cell structure is larger and has more complex structures
III. Plastid: group of membrane bounded organelles occurring in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells
IV. Chromoplast: type of plastid, contains pigments that provide yellow, orange, and red colors
V. Thylakoid: membraneous stacks of thin, flat, circular plates. Stack of thylakoids= granum
VI. Vacuole: membrane bounded sac filled with a liquid that contains a variety of materials in addition to
water
VII. Cell wall: outside of plasma membrane. Supports and protects the cell while providing routes for water
and dissolved materials to pass into and out of the cells. Composed of cellulose. Composed of primary
cell wall, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall.
VIII.Fluid mosaic model: the current model for the structure of plasma membrane and other cell membranes
in which protein molecules float in a fluid phospholipid bilayer
IX. Osmosis: movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with higher
concentration of water to lower concentration
X. Facilitated diffusion: materias diffuse from higher▯lower concentrations through special passageways in
the membrane
XI. Active transport: assisted movement of a substance from a lower▯ higher concentration. (move against
the gradient)
XII. Symbiosis: Mutualism both gaining. Parasitic one gains, one loses. Commensalism one gain, other
not affected
XIII.Shorter wavelength higher energy; longer wavelength lower energy
XIV.Light Dependent Cycles: require light/photons. Take in water, release oxygen.
XV. Light Independent Cycles: uses carbon dioxide
XVI. C4 plants: sugar cane, crab grass, corn. High light, high weather conditions, high heat
XVII. CAM plant: pineapple, cactus. Shut stomata during the day to prevent water loss
XVIII. Aerobic Respiration: 1.Glycolysis 2.Formation of acetyl CoA 3.Citric Acid Cycle 4.Electron transport
and chemiosis Chapter 4: Metabolism in Cells 04/09/2014
I. Anabolic reactions: chemical reactions where energy is stored in molecules
II. Catabolic Reactions: chemical reactions where energy is released from molecules
III. Calvin Cycle: 1.CO2 uptake 2.Carbon Reduction 3.RuBP regeneration. InputsCO2, NADPH, ATP.
Outputs carbohydrate molecules
IV. ATP Synthase: an enzyme complex that synthesizes ATP from ADP, using the enrgy of a proton
gradient. Located in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and in the inner mitochondrial membrane
V. Aerobic Respiration: 1.Glycolysis 2.formation of CoA 3.Citric Acid Cycle 4.Electron transport &
chemiosmosis
VI. Fermentation: an anaerobic pathway. Degrades glucose and other organic materials without oxygen.
Very inefficient Chapter 5: Plant tissue and multicellular plant body 04/09/2014
VII. Hebacious plants: do not develop persistent woody parts aboveground
VIII.Woody plants: trees and shrubs, have woody parts
IX. Ground Tissue System: all of the tissues of the plant body other than the vascular and dermal tissues.
Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
X. Vascular tissue system: tissue system that conducts materials throughout the plant body. Composed of
xylem and phloem
XI. Dermal tissue system: the tissue system that provides an outer covering for the plant body
XII. Plant growth:Primary growth (length)secondary growth (girth), apical meristem
XIII. Periderm is made of : cork cells, cork cambium, cork parenchyma
XIV.Vetiver: coarse tropical grass. Reduces rainfall runoff and soil loss. Increases crop yield
XV. Four types of Xylem cells : Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem fibers, xylem parenchyma Chapter 6: roots 04/09/2014
I. Taproot System: consists of one dominant main root with similar lateral roots branching from it. Obtain
water deep underground
II. Fibrous root system: consists of several adventitious roots of approximately equal size that arise from
the base of the stem. Obrain rainwater
III. Function of Roots: anchor plant in soil, absorb water and dissolved minerals, storage
IV. Root Cap: a covering of cells over the root tip that protects the delicate meristematic tissue directly
behind it. Makes sure the root grows downward.
V. Root Hair: an extension of an epidermal cell of a root that increases the absorptive capacity of the root
VI. Endodermis: the inner most layer of the cortex of the root that prevents water and dissolved materials
from entering the xylem by passing between cells
VII. Casparian strip: a band of waterproof material around the radial and transverse cells of the endodermis.
Ensures that water and minerals enter the xylem only by passing through the endodermal cells
VIII.Symplast: continuum of living cytoplasm connected with plasmodesmata
IX. Apoplast: continuum consisting of the interconnected, porous plant cell walls, along which water moves
freely
X. Pericycle: a layer of cells just inside the endodermis of the root. Gives rise to lateral roots
XI. Prop roots: adventitious roots that develop from branches or from a vertical stem and grow downward
into the soil to help support the plant in an upright position
XII. Buttress roots: swollen bases that hold trees upright and aid in the extensive distribution of shallow
roots
XIII.Pneumatophore: specialized aerial root produced by certain trees living in swampy habitats. may
facilitate gas exchange between the atmosphere and submerged roots
XIV.Contractile root: specialized root that contracts and pulls the plant to a desirable depth in the soil.
XV. Suckers: aboveground stems that develop from adventitious buds on the roots. Some plants reproduce
asexually using these
XVI. Mychorrhiza: mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root that helps the plant
absorb essential minerals from the soil
XVII. Rhizobia: certain nitrogenfixing bacteria that forms associations with the roots of leguminous
plants. Live on nodules
XVIII. Nodules: small swelling on the root of a eguminous plant in which beneficial nitrogen fixing bacteria
live Chapter 7: Stems 04/09/2014
I. Bud: undeveloped shoot that contains an embryonic meristem
II. Node: area of a stem where one or more leaves is attached
III. Deciduous tree: sheds its leaves annually
IV. Lenticels: sites of loosely arranged cells that allow gas exchange to occur
V. Pith: gorund tissue composed of large, thin walled parenchyma cells, function primarily for storage
VI. Rays: chains of parenchyma cells that radiate out from the center of the woody stem
VII. Sapwood: younger, lighter colored wood closer to the bark, conducts water and dissolved minerals
VIII.Heartwood: older wood in the center of the trunk, typically brownishred. Provides structural support,
more resistant to decay
IX. Vines: weakstemmed plants that depend on other plants for support. Often “climb”, grow rapidly
X. Rhizome: horizontal, underground stem that serves as a storage organ and a means of sexual
reproduction.
XI. Fleshiness: indicates that the stem is used for storing food materials such as starch
XII. Tuber: the thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage (grows into separate
plant when parent plant dies)
XIII.Bulb: rounded, fleshy underground bud that consists of a short stem with fleshy leaves
XIV.Corm: short, thickened underground stem specialized for food storage and asexual reproduction
XV. Stolon: aerial horizontal stem with long internodes. Often forms buds that develop into separate plants
XVI. Spines: modified leaves
XVII. Netted venation eudicot leaves; Parallel venation monocot leaves
XVIII. Wilting: an adaptation that decreases surface area to prevent water loss
XIX. Leaf abscission: involves hormones auxin and ethylene Chapter 8: Leaves 04/09/2014
I. Mesophyll: photosynthetic ground tissue of the leaf. Located between upper and lower epidermis.
(palisade mesophyllupper; spongy mesophyll lower)
II. Bundle Sheath: a ring of parenchyma or sclerchyma cells surrounding the vascular bundle in a leaf
III. Eudicot leaf: board, flattened blade, has petiole, netted venation
IV. Monocot leaf: narrow, no petiole; base of leaf wraps around the stem forming a sheath; parallel
venation
V. Conifers: pine, spruce, fir, redwood, cedar. Have waxy needs, lose leaves periodically throughout the
year
VI. Proton gradient: the difference in concentration of protons on the 2 sides of a cell membrane. Contains
potential energy that can be used to form ATP or do work in the cell
VII. Facilitated diffusion: the diffusion of materials from a region of higher concentration to lower
concentration through special passageways in the membrane
VIII.Environmental factors of transpiration: 1.Higher temperature=more water loss. 2.more light=more water
loss 3.wind and dry air=more water loss 4.humid air=less water loss
IX. Hydathodes: openings at the tips of leaf veins through which liquid water is forced out
X. Bract: modified leaf associated with a flower but not part of the flower
XI. Tendril: leaf or stem that is modified for holding on or attaching to objects Chapter 9: Flowers, fruits, seeds 04/09/2014
I. Angiosperms: flowering plants. Reproduce sexually and asexually. Have many adaptations for
pollination (colors, fragrances, ect)
II. Asexual reproduction: when a stem, leaf, or root expands, grows, separates, and then grows to become
a new, identical plant
III. 4 parts of a flower: Sepal, petal, stamen, carpel (all four parts=complete flower; stamen and
carpel=perfect flower)
IV. Sepal: outermost part of a flower, usually leaflike in appearance. Protect the flower as a bud.
calyx =all the sepals on a flower)
V. Petal: one of the often conspicuously colored parts of a flower, attached to inside of the whorl of sepals.
corolla =all the petals of flower)
VI. Stamen: pollenproducing part of a flower; composed of filament and anther
VII. In Sexual reproduction, pollen grains must be transferred from the anther to the carpel
VIII.Carpel: ovulebearing reproductive unit of a flower; composed of stigma, style, and ovary
IX. Ovule: str
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