BIO_SC 1010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Earwax, B Cell, Antigen

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Bio Exam 5 Study Guide

1. How do antibodies work?

Proteins bind to specific antigens

2. What three main tasks do antibodies perform?

1) Recognize pathogens 2) Send signals to other parts of immune system/in-activate

pathogen 3) Remember the pathogen

3. What part of the antibody binds to an antigen?

The variable region

4. What makes one antibody different from another?

Their shape

5. Do all antibodies recognize the same antigen?

6. What cells make antibodies?

Lymphocytes

7. When a B Cell is attached to a pathogen and divides it makes two cells. What are the

functions of these cells?

Plasma: mass produce antibodies that flood the system and inactivate pathogens or flag them

for macrophages

Memory: live a long time to remember the pathogen

8. How does your body "remember" pathogens?

Memory B-cells live a long time to remember the pathogen

9. Why is “memory” a good thing if we get contaminated with the pathogen a second time?

So our immune system can recognize and fight off the pathogen

10. What do vaccines do?

Preps body to remember and fight against the pathogen

11. If you get a vaccine (ex: smallpox), can that vaccine give you the disease it is supposed

to protect you from?

NO!

12. What are the three types of T Cells? What is the function of each?

Cytotoxic: kill infected host cells

Helper: activate other immune system cells

Regulatory: turns off immune system after infection

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13. What is innate immunity? How is it different from acquired immunity?

Innate: non-specific first defense we are born with

Acquired: specific and developed after birth

14. What are the barriers in innate immunity? List and describe the examples we discussed.

Skin, mucus in nose, earwax in ears, hair, cilia in airways, acid on skin and in stomach

15. What steps lead to inflammation?

1) Engulf and digest pathogens 2) put parts of the pathogens on surface to help specific

immunity 3) send chemical signals to attract other parts of the immune system

16. What are the 2 categories of the immune system disorders we discussed?

Disease and evolving pathogens

17. What is the difference between allergies and autoimmune disorders?

Allergies: immune system fights off harmless protein from the environment

Autoimmune: immune system fights off proteins made from own body

18. Why does evolution matter to us from a health perspective?

Evolving pathogens can make infectious diseases hard to treat because they come resistant to

the treatment

19. What diseases discussed in class have evolved resistance to treatments?

TB, Flu, MRSA/VRSA, C-Diff

20. What type of pathogen causes tuberculosis? What are the symptoms?

Bacteria. Symptoms: bloody cough, weight loss, fever

21. What are the two types of TB infection a person can have?

Latent (shows no symptoms) and Active (shows symptoms such as bloody cough, extreme

weight loss, etc)

22. When is a person contagious? How is it TB transmitted?

Active TB, transmitted through cough

23. Why are health officials concerned with TB, a disease that has been treatable since

early 20th century? What is the death rate of TB if treatments don’t work?

Because it has evolved and became resistant to treatment

The death rate is 50% when not treated

24. What are the differences between normal TB, MDR-TB, XDR-TB, and TDR-TB strains?

TB: can be treated through antibiotics

MDR-TB: resistant to many antibiotics

XDR-TB: extensively resistant to antibiotics

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Document Summary

Lymphocytes: when a b cell is attached to a pathogen and divides it makes two cells. Plasma: mass produce antibodies that flood the system and inactivate pathogens or flag them for macrophages. Innate: non-specific first defense we are born with. Allergies: immune system fights off harmless protein from the environment. Because it has evolved and became resistant to treatment. Tdr-tb: totally drug resistant to antibiotics: be able to identify and describe the evolving pathogens we discussed: c-diff, Mrsa/vrsa: staph skin infection resistant to most antibiotics. Infects helper t-cells thru reverse transcriptase (converting rna to dna)--turns off the switch to the body"s immune system. Gp120 on hiv binds to cd4 on surface on helper t-cell: in the early 1980s scientists announced they would have a vaccine and/or treatment for. Group of similar organisms that can interbreed and their offspring can breed: what makes a population (biological definition!

Related Questions

1. Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing
infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is:
A. Having a high degree of multi-valency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers
B. Having high affinity for the antigen
C. Being present at a high concentration in the circulation
D. Being efficient at activating the complement cascade
E. Having a long half-life in the body

2. IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under certain circumstances, IgG antibodies will activate the complement pathway. One example of a situation in which IgG binding to its antigen will
NOT trigger the complement cascade is when:
A. The IgG antibodies bind to a multivalent soluble antigen in solution, such as a polysaccharide structure shed from a bacterial pathogen.
B. The IgG antibodies bind to a viral capsid protein that is present in more than 100 copies on the viral particle surface.
C. The IgG antibodies bind to a bacterial surface by recognizing a repetitive polysaccharide component of the bacterial capsule.
D. The IgG antibodies are binding self-antigens such as chromatin released from dead cells.
E. The IgG antibodies are neutralizing a bacterial toxin protein by blocking the receptor-attachment site on the toxin.

3. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important effector mechanism in immunity to virus infections. This immune pathway has also been exploited for clinical applications. For instance, patients with
various disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and some B cell lymphomas, are treated with an antibody directed at CD20, a surface receptor expressed on all B cells. This antibody leads to the depletion of B cells from the patients by the actions of:
A. Natural killer (NK) cells
B. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells
C. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells
D. Activated macrophages
E. The complement cascade membrane attack complex

copperwhale140

1.How do some pathogens prevent complement activation or avoid the effects of activated complement?

A. some pathogens hijack the host's regulatory membrane proteins that inactivate C3b, preventing the triggering of the alternative activation pathway AND some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that causes destruction of phagoctyes recruited to the area of infection

B. some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that causes destruction of phagoctyes recruited to the area of infection

C. some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that destroys complement C5a, a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytes to the area of infection

D. Some pathogen hijack the host's regultory membrane proteins that inactivate C3b, preventing the triggering of the alternative activation pathway AND some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that destroys complement C5a, a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytes to the area of infection.

2. One of the most important jobs of dendritic cells is

A. production of complement proteins

B. activation of T cells by breakdown of whole antigens and presentation of antigenic epitopes on MHC molecules

C. stimulation of cytokine production by neutrophils

D. activation of B cells by combining epitopes and presentation of whole antigens on MHC molecules

E. production of IgD

3. Normal Microbiota

A. play no role in affecting pathogen growth

B. are the organisms that typically reside on and in your body

C. enhance infection by pathogens

D. are the organisms that typically reside on and in your body AND protect aganist infection by pathogens

E. protect against infection by pathogens.

4. why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. the given choices are all reasons that generearrangement is critical in adaptive immunity

B. This is how our systems produce memory of previous exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses

C. without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses needed during our lives

D. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to that antigen

E. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer.

1. Select which of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to avoid host defenses and to successfully colonize the host.

A. Producing siderphores to obtain iron from the host for growth

B. producing adhesins for damaging host cells

C. Avoiding IgA proteases for avoiding secretory IgA

D. Avoiding secretory IgA by rapid turnover of pili

E. Producing toxic substances to suppress host responses

2. People considered obese have a different normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract compared to people who are considered lean.

A. true

B. false

3. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by pathogens for avoiding or surviving phagocytosis?

A. Killing macrophages and neutrophils

B. Colonizing the phagocyte

C. inhibiting opsonization

D. Inhibiting phagocte chemotaxis

E. these are all methods of avoiding or surviving phagocytosis

4.Which of the following immune responses is best suited to prevent a virus from infecting a cell?

A. complement cascade

B. inflammation

C. Virus-specific antibodies

D. Fever

E. phagocytic cells

5. Which of the following is NOT a method used by pathogens for penetrating skin or mucous membranes?

A. Injection of effector proteins that induce endocytosis

B. Exploiting antigen-sampling processes

C. these are all mechanisms for penetrating skin or mucous membranes

D. Exploiting an injury

E. Production of endotoxin

6. Antibodies, which are produced as part of the adaptive immune response, can sometimes be damaging rather than beneficial. People suffering from an autoimmune disease called antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) make antibodies that bind to phospholipids. Some of the signs and symptoms affected individuals experience are blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage. What is the likely cause of these symptoms?

A. the anti-phospholipid antibodies cuse immune complexes that lodge in the affected organs

B. The person fails to make protective antibodies

C. The anti-phospholipid antibodies weaken certain organs that contain fat

D. the person makes antibodies that bind inappropriately to bacterial capsules, preventing phagocytosis of these cells

E. Cell damage caused by binding of these antibodies initates inappropriate coagulation events which inferfere with blood flow in affected organs.

7. Only Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins

A. true

B. False

8. Which of the following members of the normal microbiota inhibit the growth of Candida albicans?

A. Lactobacilus species

B. Staphylococci species

C. E. coli

D. Neisseria species

E. Propionibacterium species

9. Would an antibody response against the B subunit of an A-B toxin protect against the effects of the toxin?

A. yes. if antibodies bind to the B protion, the toxin can no longer bind to target cells and will thus not affect those cells

B. No, even if antibodies bindto the B portion of the toxin, it is the A portion that actually causes damage to the cell

C. This question cannot be answer. The immune system does not mount a strong response against proteins, so this situation is unlikely to occur.

D. Yes, if antibodies bind to the B protein, that portion of the toxin does not become activated, and thus does not damage the host cell

E. No, even if antiibodies bind to the B portion of the toxin, the toxin is still taken into the host cell by phagocytosis, damaging that cell

10. Please select the correct definition of balanced pathogenicity.

A. A host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host, causing maximal harm. The pathogen becomes more virulent while the host becomes increasingly susceptible.

B. A mechanism that allows bacteria to transfer gene products directly into host cells, inducing changes such as altering the cell's cytoskeleton structure

C. A generated balance in the microbiome that may be caused by taking antimicrobial medication. it generally helps the host maintain optimal health

D. A situation in which an abnormally high number of T-helper cells are stimulated, causing a massive release of cytokines.

E. A host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host while causing minimal harm. The pathogen becomes less virulent while the host becomes less susceptible

11. Bacteria may survive phagocytosis by

A. preventing encounters with phagocytes AND preventing fusion of two pathogosomes

B. avoiding recognition and attachment of lymphocytes AND lysinf the phagosomes

C. preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules

D. lysing the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules

E. preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND lysing the phagosome

BIO_SC 1010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Earwax, B Cell, Antigen

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