BIOL 2301 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Dna, Gene, Protein
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIOL 2301
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
a-
*%
a
1- At ✓Od ACTION
,,
a.
nersngt Chase Experiment
A
.What is Genetics ?i. Showed that DNA ,not protein , B responsible for
i. Study of heredity and variation of molecules activity at viruses in bacterial cons
ii. Deals with transmission and variation at inherited traits ,
ii. took radioactively labeled DNA at phage entered
mainly DNA and chromosomes
B.
Molecular Biology
bacteria attophage attached to bacteria
it
.Watson .brick Experiment
i. the study of how
"
living
"
Molecules produce traits
i. Franklin : x-ray diffraction
ii. kinds
of Molecules
•
integral in helping find the structure at the
e.
g. a;ngCarbs
,proteins ,lipids ,mainly large polymer double helix
I.
DNA Structure :Double Helix
i. double -stranded heha
•
sugar
-phosphate backbone
•
paired nucleotide
.
-
bonds
holding base
pairs hydrogen bonds
D.
Brief History -
right handed helix makes symmetry
%Mendel rules segregation at genes
•
polarity (Frontend ebaokend ):directionality
ii. Meisner discovered DNA l5
'
→3
'13'
-75
'
.antifraud
iii.
Fleming -
segregation of chromosomes ii. 4nucleotides Ibases )
i"1929 -DNA staining
iii.
Complementary Base pairing
£
.Griffith Experiment -1928 iv. DNA Replication
i. showed that non virulent cells at rough LM Strep pnemonia transform -strands From the parent duplex separate
into smooth (8) virulent ,infectious forms -each parental strand acts as atemplate
ii. Rcolonies don't cause premoniabk they ✓ nor protected from immune
J
.Genes Code far potions
system (roughing to grab onto )i. Flow of Information
iii. Scolonies do cause pnlmlmia (smooth -difficult to hold on w)DN^
RNA potions III
Fans phenotypes °prkToFypes }
population
oharautodtc
iv. proved SOMETHING ii. Proteins control physical ,chemical ,and mechanical traits
was being passed iii. Enzymes sproteins that are biological catalysts
•didn't prone DNA essential far metabolic activities in than
Was passed i"Garrod :
enzyme defects result in inborn errors
.was
.
initially thought that proteins carried genetic info in metabolism =hereditary diseases
thought DNA was for structure vi. Case :P KU
E
Avery
.Macleod '
McCarthy Experiment
-Defeetm Phenylalanine hydoxylase leads to
phenylalanine accumulation which causes
•
proves wlo DNA ,Phu
.
the rans
K
.Metabolic enzymes Work in pathways 1series of biological reactions
didn't transform i.
biosynthetic enzymes for several stops in a pathway
←proteins
EDNA
into Salts to create abio molecule &involve several mutations
RNs adestroyed
dototd t.Central Dogma
destroyed
i.
DNA -Be transcription →RNA [
messenger
(MRNAI ,transfer HRMI ,
Rts In ←Only
colonies .Rcolony ribosomal (RRNAB →translation #Protein
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
"-a^^ *
w
-Mutations are in th same gone
or only one mutations exist
Introduction ,,
a
Genetic
Variation
i. Differences in inherited traits among individuals at apop .
(Continued )
.ii. Due to changes in the nucleotide sequence at IWDNA ,major
m.
Transcription
"RNA : uracil vs .thymine structural changes in a chromosome or variation in the total number of
ii.
Sugar ribose vs .deoxyribose
.
.Chromosomes
in an organism
iii. Complementary base pairing
-
specifies linear 59mm
of
R.Genes eEnvironnement
,
bases in RNA
N.
translation
%Almost every trait has agenetic
'
' environmental component
it Pleiotvophy :
simpw gene
oanatkot more than one trait
i.
non overlapping
ii.
each Coden specifies one amino acid .But only 20 tm.no Acids
iii. Most Complex gems affected bymultiple factors
iii. each anti codon on tRNA is complementary
N.Genes produce phenotypes ..
.but
environment
to a codon on mRNA Makes Abig difference in He final outcome
s.The basics at genetics and molecular biogy
Ni Code for 64 possible combinations of
are shared by all organisms.
3nucleotides .
V'
More than 1 codons per amino acid
I
.AH organisms on Earth share many features at the
genetic appwtus and many aspects of metabolism
Vii
occurs in ribose (more than 2code RRNA )
•
results in synthesis or polypeptide drain i. composed oral ,near
•including ahighly conserved genetic code
ii. common ancestor
sequence at amino acids
•
0
.Mutations Differences blw similar genes Iamong proteins)in two organisms
used to reconstruct evolutionary relationships
i. results in changes to DNA sequence .
•
Phylogenic trees .
ii.
Changes maybe
:
iii.
-
Substitution Evolution occurs whenever apopulation at organisms
with
:
•
synonymous
sdoesn't change AA acommon ancestry gradually changes in genetic
Composition over time
:
°Non -
synonymous
•Deletion or insertion
iv.
genes Melic frequency in apopulation is changes wl time or
•
usually changes protein sequence
from generation to generation ;That is Evolution
v. What is the main mechanism of evolution ?
•
any mutation that causes insertion at an
T.Review
incorrect amino acid in a protein com cause a
.DNA is the molecule of hereditary
reversal in another wrongdoing
iii.
Any mutation in biosynthetic pathway can lead to making
.Chemical reactions in the cell ,
an
artificauy made product Catalyzed by Protich ,contribute
P.Principles of Complementation to phenotype
Iif a on or organism
is non mutant .the mutations are said to compliment
°Genotype tenvironment =phenotype
one another :means mutations an in different
genes
•2mutant parents produces non mutant offspring is complementation
in action
ii.
One of each allele of the allele pair of each gene still hers
iii. It means that one of each allele of the allele pair of each gene still works
N.If all or
organism
is
mutant :th mutations fail to complement one
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Chase experiment that dna not protein , b responsible for: study of, deals with heredity and variation of molecules transmission and variation at inherited traits ii. at viruses in activity took radioactively labeled bacterial cons. Dna at phage entered mainly dna and chromosomes. Molecules produce traits the how study of kinds of. Molecules a ;ngcarbs lipids , mainly large polymer. Watson . brick experiment to bacteria: franklin : x-ray diffraction integral in helping double helix find the structure at the directionality strands. I bases ) into smooth (8) virulent infectious polarity genes. % mendel makes symmetry segregation segregation ( frontend ebaokend ): base pairs bonds holding handed helix. Dn^ proved something initially thought proves wlo dna: proteins control phenylalanine grab onto ) Metabolic physical , genetic hereditary strand acts as a transform passed system: flow of. S colonies enzyme population oharautodtc enzymes each parental from immune. Was info the rans chemical transform: didn"t prone.
