PSY 2120 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Random Assignment, Logic, Trac
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
PSY 2120
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Monday, August 28, 2017
Research methods:
Facilitated comm. study:!
"~ 1970s & 80s viewed as breakthrough for communicating with disabled children !
"~ The facilitator and disabled person may not be interpreting the picture (donkey
example) the same way even though they are seeing the same thing.!
"~The facilitators were unconsciously(?) making the decisions and typing for the
disabled people which in many if not all the cases is very unethical. !
"~ they didn't do research on enough people to begin with to prove that FC was really
effective.!
Compelling evidence against FC:
"~its hard to prove that the disabled individuals Was the one typing when there is video
proof of them not even looking. !
"~there wasn't one correct answer in 180 trials!
"~when they showed them 2 different pictures the disable person always wrote what the
facilitator saw.!
•Is FC a result of unconscious cueing??!
•If FC worked then the client should be able to recognize the object and not write the same as
the facilitator if they saw separate pictures.!
4 sources of knowledge:
•Intuition!
•Authority!
•Logic - use formal rules to come to a conclusion!
•Observation - use these to understand why things happen!
•Scientific way of gaining knowledge is by logic and observation!
Intuition
•Sometimes can be good (waking up with headache and realizing its from going out the night
before.)!
•Often leads to flawed conclusions.!
•Wear your lucky shirt to exam thinking it will help you pass.!
•Problems with this is that we tend to see relationships between things that are not really
there !
•Illusory correlation- seeing relationship b/t variables when the relationship doesn't exist.!
•Opposites do not attract, similarity is the best predictor of attraction.!
•Demonstrates need for comparison conditions (group)!
•Not wearing lucky shirt !
Authority
•Sources of authority!
•Politicians!
•deities/clergy!
•news/media!
•Parents!
•“Experts” (experts, although, do have differing opinions from each other )!
•This may be biased is what they present and how they interpret the evidence!
• Scientific approach really need more evidence!
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Monday, August 28, 2017
Logic
•Deductive reasoning!
•Draw particular conclusion from general premises (facts)!
•Examples : syllogism !
•Nobody with a pink nose can be president (premise)!
•All men have pink noses (premise)!
•Therefore no man can be president (conclusion)!
•All dogs speak Irish (premise)!
•Jimmy is a dog (premise)!
•Jimmy speaks Irish (conclusion)!
Observation
•Inductive reasoning: dare general conclusions from particular instances!
•Examples !
•Everyone I know likes animals, therefore everyone likes animals!
•Most Athens residents are friendly, therefore most people are friendly !
Discussion: John oliver video
•Most people read the headline and assume that its correct without actually reading the study.!
•Usually more information is needed but people just choose to believe things if it might benefit
them or if they want it to benefit it.!
•People think just because someone is a position of “authority” that they are automatically
right.!
•A lot of these studies were not even performed on humans but people do not look into the
studies enough to realize it.!
How do we conduct “science”
•Logic !
•Pro: absolute proof IF premises are correct!
•Cons: premises may be wrong; limited real world applicability!
•Observation !
•Pro: directly connected to the “real world”!
•Con: no matter how many observations you cannot “prove” anything!
Principles of science!
•Determinism!
•The world is orderly!
•Science is about theory generation!
•Theory: statement about a cause-effect relationship b/t 2 or more variables!
•Not all theories are correct!!!!
•Illusory correlation!
•But even when 2 variables are correlated, this doesn't mean one causes the other!
•Determining cause and effect
•theory:Ice cream consumption leads to drowning!
•Covariation of cause and effect (is there a relationship b/t ice cream consumption and
drowning !
•Temporal precedente (does ice cream come before drowning?)!
•Alternative explanations (are there other reasons for the relation b/t the two!
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Document Summary
~ 1970s & 80s viewed as breakthrough for communicating with disabled children. ~ the facilitator and disabled person may not be interpreting the picture (donkey. ~the facilitators were unconsciously(?) making the decisions and typing for the example) the same way even though they are seeing the same thing. disabled people which in many if not all the cases is very unethical. e ective. ~ they didn"t do research on enough people to begin with to prove that fc was really. Compelling evidence against fc: proof of them not even looking. facilitator saw. ~its hard to prove that the disabled individuals was the one typing when there is video. ~there wasn"t one correct answer in 180 trials. 4 sources of knowledge: intuition, authority, logic - use formal rules to come to a conclusion, observation - use these to understand why things happen, scienti c way of gaining knowledge is by logic and observation.
