01:506:201 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Europe 1, Christianity, Agriculture
12 Oct 2018
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01:506:201
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Chapter 1 – From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations
1. Introduction
1. Human origin – 2.5 million years ago
1. 1/4000 of earth’s existence – 24 hour day – last 5 minutes
2. Human negatives and positives
1. Aggressiveness, long baby time, back problems, death
fears
2. Grip, high/regular sex drive, omnivores, facial expressions,
speech
3. Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age –
4. 5 million to 12000 BCE
1. Simple tools – increase in size, brain capacity – Homo
erectus
2. Late Paleolithic Developments
1. Homo sapiens sapiens – 120,000 years ago – killed off others?
1. Population growth required change – 1 square mile to
hunt/gather for 2 people
1. Long breast feeding – limit fertility
2. Relative gender equality – women harder, but both
contributed
2. Rituals for death, explain environment, rules for social
behavior
3. Greatest achievement – spread over earth
1. Fire/animal skin
2. 14,000 Great ice age ended
4. Tools – sharpen animal bones, rafts
5. Domesticated animals
6. Conflicts w/ others – bone breaks/skull fractures
2. Knowledge based on cave paintings, tool remains, burial sites
3. Neolithic (New Stone) Age Revolution
1. Agriculture changed everything – could support more people
1. Settle one spot – focus on economic, political, religious
goals
2. 14,000-10,000 BCE – 6 million to 100 million people
2. Causes of Agriculture
1. Population increase – better climate
2. Big game animals decreasing – hunting yield declined
3. Gradual change – harvesting wild grains to planting seeds
3. New animals domesticated – pigs, sheep, goats, cattle
1. Meat, skins, dairy
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2. Advantage to Europe?
4. Why Middle East?
1. Water source, fertile area, not forested, lacked animals
5. “Revolution” gradual – many combined changes w/ hunting
gathering – 1000 years
6. Effects
1. Longer work week – labor intensive
2. Build houses, villages
3. Varied clothing
7. Resistance – too complicated, boring, difficult
1. Disease – those in villages developed immunity – nomads
died off/joined
2. Some isolated societies still avoid
1. Harsh climate, no exchange of knowledge
2. Tough, nomadic invaders
3. Nomads – not that influential accept for interaction
8. Changes
1. Specialization
2. Technology – control of nature – storage facilities, pottery
3. Metal tools – Bronze Age 3000 – Iron Age 1500 BCE
4. Civilization
1. Hunter/gatherer – no bigger than 60 – food runs out
1. Other options – slash and burn
2. Tribal bands – strong kinship – relatively small
2. Benefits of settling
1. Houses, wells, improvements used by future, irrigation
2. Irrigation/defense required work together – organization
from above
3. Catal Huyuk – Turkey – 7000 BCE civilization studied
1. Rooftop activity – broken bones
2. Religious responsibilities/fertility gods – images
3. Trade w/others for peace
4. Definition – societies economic surplus > division of labor/social
hierarchy
1. Formal political organizations – no relation to family unit
2. City benefits – wealth, exchange of ideas, artistic/intellectual
expression, manufacturing/trade specialization
5. Writing
1. First - Cuneiform – wedge shaped Middle East
2. Tax efficiently
3. Contracts/treaties
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