01:694:301 Study Guide - Asteroid Family, Glycogen, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
29 Oct 2014
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Which kinase reactions are irreversible: d-glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate. Atp -> adp. standard free energy change = - 4 kcal/mol: frucose-6-phosphate --> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Atp -> adp: phosphoenol pyruvate (pep) --> pyruvate. Atp. standard free energy change = - 7. 5 kcal/mol. Adp -> atp. standard free energy change = - 4. 5 kcal/mol. Fates of pyruvate: anaerobic: to lactate/lactic acid. How do galactose and fructose enter glycolysis? they are converted into glycosidic intermediates. Galactose is turned into glucose-6-phosphate in 4 steps. Fructose follows two pathways: in adipose tissue: fructose is phosphorylated to fructose-6-p by kexokinase, and can enter glycolysis, in the liver: fructose is phosphorylated to fructose-1-p by fructokinase. Glyceraldehyde is phosphorylated to g3p by triose kinase. G3p enters glycolysis: dhap by fructose-1-p aldolase. Lactose intolerance is characterized by a deficiency in lactase, the enzyme that cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. In a lactose intolerant person, microorganisms in the colon ferment lactose to lactic acid, generating ch4 and h2.
