ENVS 010 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Dna, Oxygen, Earth
12 Oct 2018
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ENVS 010
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Evolution 1
Early Ideas on the Origin of Life
● Spontaneous Generation: living organisms arose from non-living matter
● Divine creation
Modern Theory on the Origin of Life
● Biogenesis: Living organisms can only arise from other living organisms
So here did the FIRST organisms come from??
Early Earth
● First atmosphere was most likely made of HOT hydrogen gas, but escaped due to low
gravity
● As the Earth began to cool a new atmosphere developed
Primordial Soup Theory
● Favorable conditions on Earth included
1. Gases in atmosphere from volcanoes
2. Electricity from lightning
3. Sunlight
4. Warm oceans
Could It Be Possible?
● 1953: Stanley Miller designed an experiment to test the Primordial Soup Theory
● The experiment produced organic matter - including amino acids - from inorganic matter
Prokaryotic Cell
● From these first organic compounds came prokaryotic cells
● Appeared 3.5 billion years ago
● Review: Describe a prokaryotic cell.
○ Prokaryotic has no nucleus, has a flagellum to move, no internal structure, free
floating, small. Single cell organism
A Changing Earth
● 2.5 billion years ago photosynthetic prokaryotes developed
● Dramatic change in atmosphere
● What was this dramatic change?
○ Using carbon dioxide, putting out oxygen
Eukaryotic Cell
● Review: Describe a eukaryotic cell.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
○ What is different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
■ Whole new species started evolving
Single Celled Organisms
● All functions of life happen within one cell
● Protist were the first eukaryotes
● Usually microscopic
Multicellular Organisms
● Developed about 1 billion years ago
● Many cells work together as one organism
Goal of All Organisms
● Procreate / eat food / survive
● Eat! Avoid being eaten! Reproduce!
Charles Darwin
● What did Darwin study?
● Origin of Species (1859)
○ Descent with Modification
○ Natural Selection
Descent with Modification
● The idea that modern species arose or developed from a succession of ancestors
leading to one common ancestor
● Darwin hypothesized that as species moved to new environments, they adapted or
changed traits to eventually become new species
(AKA evolution)
Evidence of Evolution
● DNA, Fossils
Fossil Record
● Usually found in sedimentary rock
● Paleontologist trace changes in species over time through fossils
Biogeography
● Study of the geographic distribution of species
● As species move around, they adapt to new environments, but still retain some old
characteristics
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Spontaneous generation: living organisms arose from non-living matter. Biogenesis: living organisms can only arise from other living organisms. First atmosphere was most likely made of hot hydrogen gas, but escaped due to low gravity. As the earth began to cool a new atmosphere developed. Favorable conditions on earth included: gases in atmosphere from volcanoes, electricity from lightning, sunlight, warm oceans. 1953: stanley miller designed an experiment to test the primordial soup theory. The experiment produced organic matter - including amino acids - from inorganic matter. From these first organic compounds came prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic has no nucleus, has a flagellum to move, no internal structure, free floating, small. 2. 5 billion years ago photosynthetic prokaryotes developed. All functions of life happen within one cell. Many cells work together as one organism. The idea that modern species arose or developed from a succession of ancestors leading to one common ancestor.
