AMS 102 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Verizon Communications, United States Dollar, Undecided
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
AMS 102
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
AMS 102: INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
FALL SEMESTER 2017
INSTRUCTOR: LEILEI ZHOU
leilei.zhou@stonybrook.edu
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
1.1 Statistical and Critical Thinking
Key Concept:
The process involved in conducting a statistical study consists of prepare, analyze,
and conclude
Statistical thinking involves critical thinking and the ability to make sense of results.
Statistical thinking demands so much more than the ability to execute complicated
calculations.
Data: collections of observations, such as measurements, genders, or survey responses
Statistics: the science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and organizing,
summarizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting those data and then drawing
conclusions based on them
Population: the complete collection of all measurements of data that are being
considered. typically, a population is the complete collection of data that we would like to
make inferences about
Census: the collection of data from every member of a population
Sample: a subcollection of members selected from a population
EXAMPLE - Residential Carbon Monoxide Detectors
In the journal article Residential Carbon Monoxide Detector Failure Rates in the
United States, it was stated that there are 38 million carbon monoxide detectors
installed in the United States. When 30 of them were randomly selected and tested,
it was found that 12 of them failed to provide an alarm in hazardous carbon
monoxide conditions.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
In this case, the population and sample are as follows:
Population: all 38 million carbon monoxide detectors in the US
Sample: the 30 carbon monoxide detectors that were selected
The objective is to use the sample data as a basis for drawing a conclusion about
the population of all carbon monoxide detectors, and methods of statistics are
helpful in drawing such conclusions.
Statistical and Critical Thinking
Prepare
1. Context
a. what do the data represent?
b. what is the goal of the study?
2. Source of the Data
. are the data from a source with a special interest so that there is pressure to obtain
results that are favorable to the source?
3. Sampling Method
. were the data collected in a way that is unbiased, or were the data collected in a way
that is biased (such as a procedure in which respondents volunteer to participate)?
Analyze
1. Graph the Data
2. Explore the Data
a. are there any outliers (numbers very far away from almost all of the other data)?
b. what important statistics summarize the data (such as the mean and standard
deviation)?
c. how are the data distributed?
d. are there missing data?
e. did many selected subjects refuse to respond?
3. Apply Statistical Methods
. use technology to obtain results
Conclude
1. Significance
a. do the results have statistical significance?
b. do the results have practical significance?
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The process involved in conducting a statistical study consists of (cid:522)prepare, analyze, and conclude(cid:523) Statistical thinking involves critical thinking and the ability to make sense of results. Statistical thinking demands so much more than the ability to execute complicated calculations. Data: collections of observations, such as measurements, genders, or survey responses. Statistics: the science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting those data and then drawing conclusions based on them. Population: the complete collection of all measurements of data that are being considered. typically, a population is the complete collection of data that we would like to make inferences about. Census: the collection of data from every member of a population. Sample: a subcollection of members selected from a population. In the journal article (cid:522)residential carbon monoxide detector failure rates in the. United states(cid:523), it was stated that there are 38 million carbon monoxide detectors installed in the united states.
