BIO 315 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Gene, Dna
BIO 315
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
BIO 315 MICROBIOLOGY NOTES
Lecture #1 Introduction 05/31/17
- Microbiology- how microbes interact with humans/food and are used to our advantage
- Bacteria do same things as we do in a basic level- had forever to explore every niche in
planet and be everywhere- every biological species is programmed to reproduce (need to
live- nutrients, go towards things good for them, pick up stimuli/ maintain homeostasis)-
model for simple life (everything else is elaboration)
- Ecology depends on bacteria; history of life on Earth IS the history of microbes (been here
for a long time)
- Equilibrium means death, homeostasis is steady and stable state that is far from equilibrium
(chemical reaction does not occur- forard ad reerse r o hage; ateria’s ai goal
is to innately replicate and organize
- Genetic code is universal (AUG)- mechanics were discovered in bacteria- easy to manipulate
and grow
- Macromolecules needed for life: polypeptides (structural idea, while protein is functional
idea when poly folds right- *enzymes facilitate chemical rxn that would not normally
happen under certain conditions- RNA polymerase makes mRNA from DNA), nucleotides,
lipids, carbohydrate
- Plasma membrane composition same between bacteria and humans (not Archaea)- mem
proteins are glycosylated (attached sugar) that is antigenic- some bacteria have two
membranes- ¾ macromolecules (missing nucleotides- DNA store and RNA express info- RNA
short lived)
- Sequence DNA compared organisms- used rRNA genes → domains (based on evoluntionary
relatedness)- Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya (genetically separated)
→ Bacteria and Archaea- Prokaryote (based on something that cells do not have that
proper ell ould-us- PHONY TERM), but actually not evoluntionarily related
(*Archaea branches off with Eukarya)
→ To compare organisms, need gene that all has and is varied amongst; 16s (how heavy
and big subunit is- position in column) rRNA- present in all live forms- constrained
omnipresent sequences- there are changes to make meaningful comparisons; our
hemoglobins all have same genetic sequence, excluding mutations
→ ****Which other type of gene might make sense to use to compare? glycolysis
→ What is prokaryote? Bacteria and Archaea still qualify
- Bacteria and Arachaea have no nucleus or organelles (prokaryotes)- PM in Bacteria similar
to Eukarya (Archaea ended up in diff environ, which resulted in adaptation- extremophiles)-
cell wall diff in all domains- histones (DNA packaging and winding) present in Archaea and
Eukarya (branch pt event in phylogeny)
- Viruses- obligate parasites (require host)- tool to learn about genetics
- Microbes have smaller genomes; bacteria easiest to engineer
- Origin of life on Earth- turn to microbes- oeas ith heials soup- chemical evolution
occuring before life created macromolecules (2nd law of thermodynamics- tendency
towards entropy- refutes chemical evolution because small molecules rather go away than
come together)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
→ First life was hetrotrophics, eating whatever they can find lying around→ bacteria
learned to photosynethesize, so increase O2 in Earth → aerobic respiration → mass of
hetrotrophic cells → Eukarya → Animals and plants
- Miller and Urey- simulation of primordial soup, pass through electric current → found early
organic molecules (encouraged chemical evolution without much manipulation) →
conditions allowed these molcules to stick and create macromolecules
- Chike ad egg prole ell eeds geetis ifo DNA to ake proteis ad atalti
molecules (enzymes) that run the cell- molecule that could catalyze its own replication like
RNA- ribozymes- eukaryotic precursor RNA has introns, but no protein was required to cut
up introns, RNA folds up (self-catalyzed); RNA first macromolecule of life (can store and
express)- RNA World before first living cells existed, afterwhile DNA was seen to be better
for storage
- Next, liposome (watery compartment isolated with rest of watery world- throw
phospholipids that spontaneously form this sac like micelle + lipid bilayer) and first RNA got
inside of it, and then DNA replaced RNA
- Endosymbiotic relationship- mitochondria with its own ribosome and DNA (single circular
molecule- bacteria, humans have linear chromo)- one prokaryote ingested the other
(chloroplast also)
- Bacteria use double stranded DNA as storage- stable (RNA very unstable) and provides
akup op of ifo to use as a teplate for DNA daage i oe op
- DNA transciption → mRNA translates → Polypeptide: THE CENTRAL DOGMA; exception,
RNA → DNA used by retrotransposons like HIV
- Bioinformatics- dealing with a lot of biological information (tree of life- created by DNA seq-
lines that go across show horizontal mvmt); force E. coli to make insulin through DNA
recombination of human insulin gene into bacteria plasmid
- Ecology- hetrotroph (other feeding), autotroph (use CO2 and produce organic molecules)-
autotrophs changed early atmosphere; regardless of how organic molecules are retrieved,
broken down by microbes to harness chemical energy (does not matter if photosynthetic or
not)
→ Nitrogen fixation- bacteria only makes it usable (ammonia, nitrates, nitrites)- N in air
(sink), but humans cannot do anything with it; denitifrying bacteria puts back into air
- Microbes create ecosystems
- Disease- even when microbes known to exist, people thought life could spontaneously form
from non-life- debunked by Pasteur- if you stop bacteria from falling in top, then remains
sterile– Koch proved cause of anthrax was by B. anthracis, made postulates to figure out
which bacterium causes which disease
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Microbiology- how microbes interact with humans/food and are used to our advantage. Ecology depends on bacteria; history of life on earth is the history of microbes (been here for a long time) Equilibrium means death, homeostasis is steady and stable state that is far from equilibrium (chemical reaction does not occur- for(cid:449)ard a(cid:374)d re(cid:448)erse r(cid:454)(cid:374) (cid:374)o (cid:272)ha(cid:374)ge(cid:895); (cid:271)a(cid:272)teria"s (cid:373)ai(cid:374) goal is to innately replicate and organize. Genetic code is universal (aug)- mechanics were discovered in bacteria- easy to manipulate and grow. Macromolecules needed for life: polypeptides (structural idea, while protein is functional idea when poly folds right- *enzymes facilitate chemical rxn that would not normally happen under certain conditions- rna polymerase makes mrna from dna), nucleotides, lipids, carbohydrate. Plasma membrane composition same between bacteria and humans (not archaea)- mem proteins are glycosylated (attached sugar) that is antigenic- some bacteria have two membranes- macromolecules (missing nucleotides- dna store and rna express info- rna short lived)
