BIO 121- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 14 pages long!)

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Phylogenetic trees: depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships. Reflect hierarchical classifications of groups nested w/i more inclusive groups. Homologous structures : similarities due to shared ancestry. Convergent evolution : when 2 organisms develop similarities as they adapt to similar environmental challenges- not due to shared ancestry. Is a group of species including an ancestral species and its descendants. Analogous structures : the likenesses that result from convergent evolution. A valid clade is of its descendants. Group consists of the ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. Molecular clocks: method used to measure the absolute time of evolutionary change. An organism"s evolutionary history is documented in its genome. Comparisons of organisms that diverged a long time ago. Dna that codes for rrna changes . Dna that codes for mitochondrial dna changes . Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell walls, but both have different structures and are made of different substances. Eukaryotes with cell walls (plants/fungi) have walls made of .

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