PSY 1001 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Albert Bandura, Ego Ideal, Unconscious Mind
5 Jan 2019
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PSYCHOLOGY 1001: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Study Guide -Exam 3-Dr. McCloskey
Chapter 14: Personality
Personality- enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation, and behavior that are expressed
in different circumstances, is relatively consistent across time
Situational Factors- environmental factors that impact behavior and personality
Reciprocal influence-
Twin and adoption studies- used to separate genetic and environmental effects, adopted
children do not share environment with biological parents. Adopted identical twins share genes
but not environment.
Genetic, shared and nonshared environmental influences- genetic factors account for about
half of the variation in adult personality traits. Shared environmental factors seem to account for
very little. Nonshared environmental factors play an important role.
Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory- emphasizes the importance of the unconscious
mind, human mind has three provinces: Id, Ego, and Superego. Personality is shaped by early
childhood experiences. Theory developed by Sigmund Freud.
Behavioral/social learning theory- emphasizes learned aspects of personality (observational
learning), the person’s expectations and beliefs, personality is acquired by: specific situations,
reinforcement history, expectancies.Theory developed by Albert Bandura.
Humanistic theory- concept of self-actualization- the drive to develop our innate potential to
the fullest possible extent
Trait theory- there are five broad personality traits that are build blocks: extraversion,
agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
Sigmund Freud- weird ass psychologists/ “psychoanalysts”
Unconscious- unconscious motivation are true explanations for our behavior that are out of our
awareness, centerpiece of Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Id, ego, superego- Id: irrational and emotional, pleasure principle, unconscious. Wishful,
illogical. Ego: rational, reality principle, conscious, creates compromise between id and
superego, rational, logical. Superego: moral principles, ego ideal, mostly unconscious,
unrealistic and unforgiving.
Defense mechanisms- Used to shield self from reality, used by ego to keep certain thoughts
and impulses hidden in order to avoid or lessen anxiety Ex: Denial, repression,
intellectualization
Psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Oedipus complex- child’s feelings of desire for his opposite-sex parent and hatred toward
same-sex parent
Libido- sexual desire
Social learning theory- learned aspects of personality, the person’s expectations and beliefs.
Emphasizes role of thought and memory in personality such as choice, conscious awareness,
and decision making. Limitations: overemphasize of rational side of personality.
Self-efficacy expectancies- beliefs about one’s abilities to perform a specific action
Behavior-outcome expectancies- beliefs that behaviors will result in desired outcomes
Humanistic theories- emphasis on the basic goodness of people, positive nature of humanity,
focus on self-improvement and fulfillment. Limitations: Emphasizes sameness and universality,
not good at explaining individual differences. Abstract, does not provide complete theoretical
account of personality.
Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs, highest need is self-actualization, maximizing fullest
potential
Self-actualization- realizing your full purpose and greater destiny in life
Hierarchy of needs- created by Maslow, physical needs, esteem needs, self-actualization
Carl Rogers- humanistic psychology along with Maslow, created Person-Centered Approach-
humans are basically good and self-directed
True self, ideal self, false self: true self- the core aspect of being, ideal self- what the person
would like to be, false self- the self that is created by distortions from conditions of worth
Conditions of worth- we give up our true selves as a result of conditions of worth, act in a
particular way to maintain the love and regard of others
Unconditional positive regard- way to remedy incongruence, accepting an individual for who
they truly are, unconditional warmth, empathy, genuineness in this environment
Incongruence- discrepancies between ideal and true self lead to distortions of reality
Traits- emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that are relatively consistent across
situations and constitute underlying personality dimensions on which individuals vary
Trait Theory- two aspects of traits: Observed patterns of behavior/tendencies that occur
frequently. Inferred underlying dimensions from which behavior emanates. Ex: politeness
determines door-holding. Limitations: heavily depend on self-report
Five factor model of personality- make up five superordinate factors, known as the Big Five,
may not translate to all cultures
Big five traits (OCEAN)- openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness,
agreeableness, neuroticism
Objective vs. Projective tests: Projective- assume that persons presented with a vague
stimulus will “project” their own impulses and desires into a description of the stimulus.
“Objective” Personality Inventories- self-report questionnaires to measure personality
TAT- Thematic Apperception Test- participants create stories describing ambiguous black-and-
white drawings
Rorschach- Inkblot Test- ambiguous shapes intended to force participants to project meaning
NEO-PI-3: Personality inventory- evaluates the Big 5 traits, does not evaluate abnormal
personality characteristics
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Useful in assessing abnormal
personality characteristics
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, & Health
Stress/stressor- external demands placed on an organism
Trauma/traumatic event- creates stress
Stress hormones/corticosteroids- cortisol
HPA Axis- hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis- activated during stress: releases cortisol,
however too much cortisol minimizes neural connections in amygdala, high levels deteriorates
hippocampus and ability to control stress
Sickness Behaviors- disrupted sleep, low mood, poor concentration, disrupted appetite
Psychoneuroimmunology- study of interaction between nervous system and immune system.
Immunosuppression: escape first, heal later. Cortisol increases, preps for fight or flight, delays
tissue repair. Too much cortisol from prolonged stress is dangerous.
Health outcomes of stress: Increases heart attack risk, raise blood pressure, and reduce
oxygen supply to heart
Personality and stress: Personality can lead to health issues/heart problems. Type A
personality- excessive competitive drive, workaholic, impatient, hostile
Primary and secondary appraisals-
Problem-focused coping- has shown to relate to the slower progression of dementia
Emotion-focused coping- opening up and acknowledging one’s feelings benefits health
Major life events- death of a loved one
Daily hassles- traffic, losing wallet, forgetting password
Document Summary
Personality- enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation, and behavior that are expressed in different circumstances, is relatively consistent across time. Situational factors- environmental factors that impact behavior and personality. Twin and adoption studies- used to separate genetic and environmental effects, adopted children do not share environment with biological parents. Adopted identical twins share genes but not environment. Genetic, shared and nonshared environmental influences- genetic factors account for about half of the variation in adult personality traits. Shared environmental factors seem to account for very little. Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory- emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind, human mind has three provinces: id, ego, and superego. Behavioral/social learning theory- emphasizes learned aspects of personality (observational learning), the person"s expectations and beliefs, personality is acquired by: specific situations, reinforcement history, expectancies. theory developed by albert bandura. Humanistic theory- concept of self-actualization- the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent.
