APY 203 Study Guide - Final Guide: Abrigo Do Lagar Velho, Upper Paleolithic, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
CHAPTER NINE: THE FIRST DISPERSAL OF THE GENUS HOMO
• Universal agreement that hominins found outside of Africa are all Homos
• Most evidence of Homo erectus
A NEW KIND OF HOMININ
• Lots of taooi splittig i earl ears, ssteati iologial thikig after WWII
incorporation of Modern Synthesis (integration of natural selection and genetics)
• Clear presence of H. erectus in EA by 1.7 mya, but there are clear differences between
those and Asian cousins, so Africans are called H ergaster
o Still clearly closely related, likely just geographical varieties of a single species
o Recognize them as H erectus
• H erectus is different than ergaster
o Increase in body + brain size, robustness
o More like MH than ergaster
THE MORPHOLOGY OF HOMO ERECTUS
BODY SIZE
• Over 100 pounds
• Ag height ’
• Very sexually dimorphic
• Robust body types dominated until MH
BRAIN SIZE
• Early Homo range 500 cm^3 to 800 cm^3
• Erectus about 700 to 1250 (mean of 900) cm^3
• Big brain = big body, erectus was bigger
• Relative brain size about the same
CRANIAL SHAPE
• Heavily built cranium
• Bc of large body size
• Thick cranial bone and large brow ridges with a projecting nuchal torus (projection of
bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach, holds up the head
THE GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF HOMO ERECTUS
THE FRST HOMO ERECTUS: HOMO ERECTUS FROM AFRICA
• Initially evolved in Africa
o Earlier hominins prior to erectus come from Africa
o By 1.7 mya there are well dated fossils from Kenya and also other sites in EA
• By 1.8 mya similar populations living in Europe
o Therefore, likely erectus arose in EA and quickly migrated to other continents
• Nariokotome site
o Most complete erectus skeleton
o WT 15000
o About 8 years old
o Postcranial bones similar to MH
o 880 cm^3
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• Olduavi Gorge
• Gona in Ethiopia
WHO WERE THE EARLIEST AFRICAN EMIGRANTS?
• H erectus in EA about 1.7 mya, similar hominins in SE Europe 1.8 mya, hominins in
Indonesia by 1.6 MYA
• Dmanisi site
o 4 craniums
o smaller brain capacities (660-780 cc)
o D4500 most complete skull found of early homo
o Before Acheulian industry (early and middle Pleistocene, large proportion of
bifacial tools AKA flaked on both sides)
o Evidence that H erectus first Hominin to leave Africa
o Different variety of H erectus than anywhere else
o Oldowan culture
o Did’t hae the adaptatios hpothesized to e essetial to igratio – big
brains and being tall
HOMO ERECTUS FROM INDONESIA
• 1.6-1 MYA
• very late surviving H erectus group in Java that managed to survive until less than
100,000 years ago
• Ngandong most recent erectus fossils
HOMO ERECTUS FROM CHINA
• drago oes = aiet aal oes
• child skull found in Zhoukoudian
o largest collection of H erectus found anywhere
o tools show they were hunter gatherers
o first definite evidence of hominin fire use
ASIAN AND AFRICAN HOMO ERECTUS: A COMPARISON
• African not as strongly buttressed at the brow ridge and nuchal torus, thinner cranial
bones
• Argue that they are separate species
o Distinct populations for more than 1 million years
• Common thought is they are all H erectus, we recognize variation
TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS DURING THE TIME OF HOMO ERECTUS
• H erectus started out using Oldowan tool technology, emigrants took that with them to
Dmanisi, Java, and Spain
• Newer one is Acheulian
o Change is this kit was a core worked on both sides called a biface aka hand axe or
cleaver
o Would take tools with them: shows they had foresight
o Different from Oldowan where all stone tools were found close to their sources
o Might have scavenged these bones from large ariores’ kills, H eretus ate
mostly plants
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Chapter nine: the first dispersal of the genus homo: universal agreement that hominins found outside of africa are all homos, most evidence of homo erectus. Increase in body + brain size, robustness: more like mh than ergaster. Body size: over 100 pounds, a(cid:448)g height (cid:1009)"(cid:1010, very sexually dimorphic, robust body types dominated until mh. Brain size: early homo range 500 cm^3 to 800 cm^3, erectus about 700 to 1250 (mean of 900) cm^3, big brain = big body, erectus was bigger, relative brain size about the same. The frst homo erectus: homo erectus from africa. Who were the earliest african emigrants: h erectus in ea about 1. 7 mya, similar hominins in se europe 1. 8 mya, hominins in. Homo erectus from indonesia: 1. 6-1 mya, very late surviving h erectus group in java that managed to survive until less than. 100,000 years ago: ngandong most recent erectus fossils.
