KIN 155 Study Guide - Final Guide: B Cell, Mental Chronometry, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
6 Jun 2018
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Identify the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Describe physical activity
related mechanisms that prevent these risk factors (i.e. why does blood
pressure change?).
Cardiovascular disease- disease of the heart and blood vessels
Most common forms of CVD:
- Hypertension
- Coronary heart disease
- Stroke
- Heart failure
- Peripheral arterial disease
CVD is the leading cause of death in america today
How do we get it?
DISEASE PROCESS → a long period of time
- Your heart is a muscle that acts as a pump
- Heart has 4 chambers that work together to pump efficiently
- Your heart needs blood to supply oxygen to produce energy for contraction
- Left ventricle
ATHEROSCLEROSIS- Heart disease, a PROCESS
Atherosclerosis- the accumulation of lipid deposits or plaque in the large and medium sized
arteries
- A disease process that begins in early life and accumulates
- The process occurs as a “response to injury”
1) Endothelial damage
- Endothelium: inner lining of the blood vessels
- Damage is caused by either physical or toxic stress
- Cardiovascular risk factors can potentially damage the endothelial lining
2) Inflammatory response
- Monocytes (white blood cells) adhere to the injury, attach to foreign, damaged cells
- Monocytes → Macrophages
- Macrophages are monocytes which are located at an area of injury. Their job is to
continue the destruction of foreign substances or antigens.
- Macrophages ingest modified lipids
- Modified lipids are typically oxidized LDL molecules
- LDL: bad cholesterol (these develop into foam cells which develop into fatty
streaks)
Cholesterol- derived fat in the body necessary for cell and hormone synthesis
●LDL (BAD)
○Function to transport cholesterol FROM liver to periphery
○Composed of protein, triglycerides, and mostly cholesterol
●HDL (good)
○Function to transport cholesterol TOWARD the liver to be broken town
○Composed of triglycerides, cholesterol, and mostly protein
3) Attempt for repair
- Similar to skin injury, body helps to repair itself
- Growth factors are released to form a connective tissue matrix
- This matrix may accumulate other lipids, smooth muscle cells, and toxins into the blood
- Forms into a FIBROUS PLAQUE
IF CORONARY ARTERY BECOMES BLOCKED:
Blocked = lack of blood supply to heart → myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- When blood supply to heart muscle itself is severely reduced or stopped
- HEART ATTACK Usually caused by the buildup of plaque, a process called
atherosclerosis
●Left ventricle of heart → MOST IMPORTANT, war course
- Pumps blood through entire body
- BUT most at risk for heart attack
RISK FACTORS for HEART DISEASE
1) Age- male > 45, female > 55
2) Family history - myocardial infarction, bypass, or death of HA
father/brother before age 55 or mother/sister before age 65
3) Tobacco User- current user or quit in last 6 months
4) Hypertension- SBP >140 or DBP > 90 high blood pressure = increased risk
5) Dyslipidemia- total CHO > 200, HDL < 40, LDL > 130
6) Impaired fasting glucose (prediabetes)- blood glucose > 100 high BS, insulin resistance
7) Obesity BMI>30, waist circumference Males >40 women >35
8) Sedentarism- failing to accumulate 30 min of moderate activity 3 days a week for at least 3
months
●When your heart can’t pump all the blood it needs = heart failure
●Blocked Lumen in branch of left coronary artery
○TO FIX: Stent or Bypass surgery
WHY /process of having a heart attack
When HR goes up → anxiety, stress, tense up, have to produce more oxygen
Stressful situation → ← Strenuous activity
Increase in CNS stimulation (fight or flight) → increase in HR and blood pressure → increase
myocardial oxygen demand → atherosclerotic plaque restricts blood flow → oxygen supply
LESS than oxygen demand → ischemia (lack of oxygen, chest pains) → myocardial cell death
→ myocardial infarction
Studies that show that PA and physical fitness prevent or reduce CVD
●Physical activity decreases risk of CHD
Lifestyle PA reduces risk of a heart attack:
○London bus study (Jeremy Morris)
Compared heart attack/death rate from heart attacks between drivers and conductors- conductors
are less likely to have a heart attack or die from a heart attack because they are more active
- San francisco Longshoremen study (Ralph Paffenbarger)
Guys who load cargo on/off boat vs. administrators/people in office
Cargo handlers are less likely to get heart disease
●Harvard Alumni study shows that greater than 2100 calories burn a week, long term
health benefits improved somewhat, but not dramatically
○Weekly caloric expenditure below 2000/week increase risk of CVD by 64%
How does physical activity reduce the risk of CHD? BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY
- Lowered blood lipids
- Lowered LDL cholesterol, increased HDL cholesterol → improved fat oxidation
- Decrease HR and BP at submaximal efforts
- Rate pressure product determines the myocardial oxygen demand
- Rate pressure product = systolic BP x HR (how much work your heart is doing
and how much oxygen it needs)
- Reduced blood viscosity (clotting effects) → increased plasma volume, blood holds onto
more water, transports oxygen easier
- Thicker blood is harder to push around
- Physical activity INCREASES free fatty acid utilization , breaking down fat for energy
- Breaking down free fatty acid utilization DECREASES blood triglycerides → increases
good cholesterol, decrease bad cholesterol, decreases VLDL, burn fat, lower
triglycerides, improves CHO levels
- When active, your liver produces HDL
Evidence:
- Endurance athletes have 20-30% higher HDL, higher fitness → higher caloric
expenditure → higher HDL Cholesterol
Document Summary
Cardiovascular disease - disease of the heart and blood vessels. Cvd is the leading cause of death in america today. Disease process a long period of time. Your heart is a muscle that acts as a pump. Heart has 4 chambers that work together to pump efficiently. Your heart needs blood to supply oxygen to produce energy for contraction. Atherosclerosis- the accumulation of lipid deposits or plaque in the large and medium sized arteries. A disease process that begins in early life and accumulates. The process occurs as a response to injury : endothelial damage. Endothelium: inner lining of the blood vessels. Damage is caused by either physical or toxic stress. Cardiovascular risk factors can potentially damage the endothelial lining: inflammatory response. Monocytes (white blood cells) adhere to the injury, attach to foreign, damaged cells. Macrophages are monocytes which are located at an area of injury. Their job is to continue the destruction of foreign substances or antigens.
