GEOS 170A1 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - European Space Research Organisation, Earth, Lithosphere
11 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
GEOS 170A1
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
GEOS 170A1 NOTE 1
Goal of science
• To discover patterns in nature
• To use the knowledge to predict
Geology = Earth Science
• Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand Earth and its neighbors in
space
• Geology = literally the “study of Earth”
• Oceanography = a study of the ocean
• Meteorology = the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce
weather
• Astronomy = the study of the universe
Today
• Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
• Doppler effects - shifting of spectral lines
• Early observations of shif
• Hubble plot
• Big Bang theory
EMR (Electromagnetic radiation)
• From Google: EMR refers to the waves of the electromagnetic field,
propagating through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It
includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-
rays, and gamma rays.
• White light = all colors
• Spectrum (wavelength + frequency)
• Shorter wavelength = high energy, longer wavelength = low energy
• Elements in our sun
Doppler Effect
• Change in frequency or wavelength as thing emitting waves moves relative
to STATIONARY observer
• Vesto noticed that galaxies were red shifted. In other words, their light
spectra were shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. IT DOESN’T
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MEAN THEY LOOK RED!!!!
• The light from distant Galaxies is redshifted = the farther the galaxy is from
us, the greater the light is redshifted. (The universe is changing all the time -
in fact, the universe is expanding!)
• When the observer and the source of light are moving toward each other, the
light is shifted to shorter wavelengths (blueshifted). When the observer and
the source of light are moving away from each other, the light is shifted to
longer wavelengths (redshifted).
Hubble Plot
• The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it moves away from us.
• Farther distance = more expansion (the entire universe is expanding like a
BALLOON)
The Big Bang Theory
• Episode of rapid expansion (Big Bang) from a much more compact form,
somewhere between 11 billion and 20 billion years ago (current best
estimate is about 13.73 billion years ago)
• Big Bang created simple elements (75% hydrogen, a little less than 25%
helium) from subatomic particles.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Goal of science: to discover patterns in nature, to use the knowledge to predict. Today: electromagnetic radiation (emr, doppler effects - shifting of spectral lines, early observations of shif, hubble plot, big bang theory. Emr (electromagnetic radiation: from google: emr refers to the waves of the electromagnetic field, propagating through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, x- rays, and gamma rays: white light = all colors, spectrum (wavelength + frequency, shorter wavelength = high energy, longer wavelength = low energy, elements in our sun. Doppler effect: change in frequency or wavelength as thing emitting waves moves relative to stationary observer, vesto noticed that galaxies were red shifted. In other words, their light spectra were shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. When the observer and the source of light are moving away from each other, the light is shifted to longer wavelengths (redshifted).
