BIOL 2081C Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Okazaki Fragments, Dna Polymerase Iii Holoenzyme, Dna Polymerase I
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If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
A. | 512 | |
B. | 9 | |
C. | 18 | |
D. | 128 | |
E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
A. | sister chromatids | |
B. | germ cells | |
C. | homologous chromosomes | |
D. | haploid chromatids | |
E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A. | there is no difference. | |
B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
A. | complete dominance | |
B. | incomplete dominance | |
C. | codominance | |
D. | multiple alleles | |
E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
A. | 1/2 | |
B. | 0 | |
C. | 1/16 | |
D. | 1/4 | |
E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
A. | genotype. | |
B. | heterozygosity. | |
C. | phenotype. | |
D. | filial. | |
E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
A. | chromatin | |
B. | kinetochore | |
C. | MPF | |
D. | centromere | |
E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
A. | telophase. | |
B. | anaphase. | |
C. | interphase. | |
D. | metaphase. | |
E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
A. | None of the above | |
B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
A. | superwoman echidna. | |
B. | mutant superman. | |
C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
D. | mutant mole rat. | |
E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
B. | must always be the same allele. | |
C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
A. | metaphase and telophase | |
B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
C. | interphase and telophase | |
D. | interphase and prophase | |
E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
B. | multiple alleles. | |
C. | heterozygosity. | |
D. | incomplete dominance. | |
E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
B. | always recessive. | |
C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
D. | always one of a pair. | |
E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
A. | spindle fibers. | |
B. | kinetochores. | |
C. | chromatids. | |
D. | chromatin. | |
E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
A. | egg cells. | |
B. | somatic cells. | |
C. | germ cells. | |
D. | stem cells. | |
E. | basal cells. |
Q:
If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
A. | 512 | |
B. | 9 | |
C. | 18 | |
D. | 128 | |
E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
A. | sister chromatids | |
B. | germ cells | |
C. | homologous chromosomes | |
D. | haploid chromatids | |
E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A. | there is no difference. | |
B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
A. | complete dominance | |
B. | incomplete dominance | |
C. | codominance | |
D. | multiple alleles | |
E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
A. | 1/2 | |
B. | 0 | |
C. | 1/16 | |
D. | 1/4 | |
E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
A. | genotype. | |
B. | heterozygosity. | |
C. | phenotype. | |
D. | filial. | |
E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
A. | chromatin | |
B. | kinetochore | |
C. | MPF | |
D. | centromere | |
E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
A. | telophase. | |
B. | anaphase. | |
C. | interphase. | |
D. | metaphase. | |
E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
A. | None of the above | |
B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
A. | superwoman echidna. | |
B. | mutant superman. | |
C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
D. | mutant mole rat. | |
E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
B. | must always be the same allele. | |
C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
A. | metaphase and telophase | |
B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
C. | interphase and telophase | |
D. | interphase and prophase | |
E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
B. | multiple alleles. | |
C. | heterozygosity. | |
D. | incomplete dominance. | |
E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
B. | always recessive. | |
C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
D. | always one of a pair. | |
E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
A. | spindle fibers. | |
B. | kinetochores. | |
C. | chromatids. | |
D. | chromatin. | |
E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
A. | egg cells. | |
B. | somatic cells. | |
C. | germ cells. | |
D. | stem cells. | |
E. | basal cells. |
In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?
It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world. |
Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists. |
It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill. |
It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory. |
It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies. What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?
|
Choose the single best answer
The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:
Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen. |
Disperse seeds. |
Disperse seeds and defend themselves. |
Create oxygen. |
Defend themselves. |
Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:
Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. |
Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. |
Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity. |
What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?
How many children the person had |
The time of year the person died |
How many conflicts they have been part of |
The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains |
The type of plants they may have been consuming |
Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:
Low within variety and high between variety diversity |
High within variety and low between variety diversity |
Low within variety diversity |
High within variety and high between variety diversity |
High between variety diversity |
The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:
Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication. |
Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication |
Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins. |
Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source |
Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated |
Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:
Producing the first transgenic plant. |
His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases. |
Creating the FlavrSavr tomato. |
His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation. |
His discovery of the area of origin for maize. |
______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.
Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?
A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously. |
Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway. |
Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants. |
A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added. |
A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not. |
In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:
Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling. |
A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. |
The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment. |
Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture. |
That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ |
What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?
Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding. |
Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species. |
Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not. |
They are the same. |
Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield. |