PSY BEH 164C Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Descending Limb Of Loop Of Henle, Standard Drink, Albert Bandura
22 Jun 2018
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ADDICTION PSYCH MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE (part 1 – sec. 1-3)
1. What is Addiction?
· Addiction: Done regularly, habitually, repeatedly, feels compulsive/out of control, not necessarily
involves drugs
NOT a diagnosis - it is an umbrella term to describe variety of behaviors (generic
term)
oIn SCIENCE/HEALTH it is a diagnosis based on particular pattern of
signs and symptoms
· The 7 dimensions of addiction: exists on continuum/independent of one another
1. Use: Quantity, Frequency, Variability
2. Problems: How many? Extent to which use resulted in consequences for individuals
3. Physical Adaptation: [Low ---> High]
1. Physiological dependence: body is used to drug presence and functions accordingly
2. Tolerance: Reduction in the effect of particular dose (chronic vs. acute)
3. Withdrawal: physical rebound opposite of intoxication effects (alcohol depresses
physical functions but withdrawal heightens it)
2. Behavioral Dependence: [Dependence] Assumes more central role in person’s life/displaces
activities and relationships (narrowing of behavioral repertoire) due to increased time/energy
devoted to obtaining/using drugs and may become psychologically dependent
3. Cognitive Impairment: [Mild ---> Severe] Acute/chronic effects of cognition/can impair
memory, attention, reaction time, learning, even irreversible mental impairment [i.e. Korsakoff
syndrome: unable to make new memories caused by vitamin deficiency- permanent (long term
serious heavy alcohol use)]
4. Medical harm: [Acute effects (low risk ---> dangerous) and Chronic Use]
1. Physical damage due to acute effects (risk taking, aggression, overdose)
2. Chronic physical health (cancer, heart disease, liver damage)
1.1. Indirect effects of drinking: diminished self-care, displaced nutrition,
poor management
2. Motivation for Change: [importance to person] reluctance to recognize need for change
1. Misconception: need to hit “rock bottom”
· How various editions of the DSM conceptualized addiction
No alcoholism prior 1849 (drunkenness, inebriety, intemperance)
Diagnostic is binary: yes or no (arbitrary numbers of symptoms)
HISTORY OF DSM:
oDSM-I: 1950’s (psychodynamic theory influenced) grouped alcoholism/drug addiction
with sociopathic personality disturbances + sexual deviations and antisocial behavior
(threat to social order) + symptom of underlying brain/personality disorder
oDSM-II: 1968 new types of alcoholism (episodic, habitual, alcohol addiction)
Jellinek: Disease Concept of Alcoholism
Physiological symptoms added (tolerance, withdrawal) + personality disorder,
nonpsychotic mental disorder
oDSM-III: 1980 separate substance abuse and dependence (many w/alcohol problems
don’t go on to become dependent)
“Alcoholism” no longer used as formal diagnosis
SUD placed in distinct category (no longer underlying personality disorder)
Social & Cultural factors = important in onset and continuation
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Substance abuse: problematic use w/social or occupational impairment without
significant tolerance and/or withdrawal
Substance dependence: emphasized physiological symptoms, and required either
tolerance or withdrawal for diagnosis
Tolerance: taking higher doses to get same effect
Withdrawal: distinct pattern of physiological changes after
stopping/reducing use
oGriffith Edwards: shift away from strictly physiological symptoms ---> behavioral
syndrome
Interrelated cluster of behavioral, psychological, & physiological elements,
varying in severity
Interrelated cluster of behavioral, psychological, & physiological
elements, varying in severity
Narrowing of drinking repertoire, drink seeking behavioral,
tolerance, withdrawal, drinking to relieve/avoid withdrawals
symptoms, subjective awareness of compulsion to drink, return
to drinking after period abstinence
o Brady and Lucas: (1984) show that animals can be taught to self-administer
psychoactive drugs (rats starved by expending extraordinary amounts of time/energy -
difficult to extinguish)
oDSM-III-R: (1987) Gives equal weight to behavioral and physiological components
substance use disorders
Psychoactive substance abuse: pattern of use that continues despite knowledge of
adverse consequences drug use in situations in which it is physically dangerous
oDSM-IV: (1994) Maintained definitions from DSM-III
100 different substance-related disorders for 12 classes of drugs (abuse,
dependence, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, dementia, amnestic, disorder,
psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, sleep
disorders)
First to clearly separate dependence and abuse
Dependence: compulsive use with or without tolerance and withdrawal
Abuse: problematic use without compulsive use, tolerance, or withdrawal
oDSM-IV-TR: (2000) Created diagnostic “orphans” (none of the abuse criteria and only 1
or 2 dependence criteria)
oDSM V: (current) criteria w/ specific current severity (mild = 2-3 symptoms, moderate 4-
5, severe = 6+)
A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment
or distress, as manifested by at least of the following, occurring within a 12-
month period:
1. Alcohol is taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than
was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or
control alcohol use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain
alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol
5. Recurrent alcohol use resulting a failure to fulfill major role
obligation at work, school, or home
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6. Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent
social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by effects of
alcohol
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are
given up or reduced because of alcohol use
8. Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically
hazardous
9. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a
persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to
have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol
10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
1. A need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired
effect
2. A markedly diminished effects with continued use of the same amount of alcohol
2. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
1. The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol
2. Alcohol ( or closely related substance, such as benzodiazepine) is taken to relieve or
avoid withdrawal symptoms.
At risk drinking: (according to NIAA) MEN: 4+ drinks on any day/14 per week / WOMEN: 3
drinks day/7 per week
· What is a standard drink?
12 fl oz reg. Beer (5% alcohol) = 8 - 9 fl oz malt liquor (7% alcohol) = 5 fl oz
wine (12% alcohol) = 1.5 fl oz of 80-proof distilled spirits (gin, rum, tequila, vodka,
whiskey) (40%)
· What is a binge? Drinking 5+ drinks on same occasion in 1 day in past 30 days
· What does heavy alcohol use consist of? Drinking 5+ drinks on same occasion in 1 day in past 30
days
· Measurement of drug use
· Psychotherapeutic drug use: NSDUH 4 categories of prescription-type drugs (likely to be
manufactured and distributed illegally i.e. meth)
1. Pain relievers
2. Tranquilizers
3. Stimulants
4. Sedatives
· How substance use varies based on various demographic factors (age, ethnicity, gender…)
Some important terms:
· DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders
Additional Reading: SAMHSA 2014 & GO OVER CHARTS in PPT
2. What Causes Addiction?
Comorbidity: simultaneous presence of at least two different diagnosable conditions (one of
which is substance use disorder)
Nearly half of substance abusers meet criteria for polysubstance abuse
Accounted for by:
oExternalizing Psychopathology - tendency to act out and
transgress social norms
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Addiction psych midterm study guide (part 1 sec. Addiction: done regularly, habitually, repeatedly, feels compulsive/out of control, not necessarily involves drugs. Not a diagnosis - it is an umbrella term to describe variety of behaviors (generic term) o. In science/health it is a diagnosis based on particular pattern of signs and symptoms. Indirect effects of drinking: diminished self-care, displaced nutrition: motivation for change: [importance to person] reluctance to recognize need for change poor management, misconception: need to hit rock bottom . How various editions of the dsm conceptualized addiction. Diagnostic is binary: yes or no (arbitrary numbers of symptoms) Physiological symptoms added (tolerance, withdrawal) + personality disorder, nonpsychotic mental disorder: dsm-iii: 1980 separate substance abuse and dependence (many w/alcohol problems don"t go on to become dependent) Sud placed in distinct category (no longer underlying personality disorder) Social & cultural factors = important in onset and continuation. Substance abuse: problematic use w/social or occupational impairment without significant tolerance and/or withdrawal.
